Often, papyrus, stone and wood contain valuable information and provide scientists to the amazing discoveries regarding the life of hundreds and millennia ago. Unusual authors or unknown works of famous personalities are only the "Ausberg Top", and the speech today will go about them.
1. Ancient Egyptian medicine
In the Danish capital, Copenhagen is a unique collection of Egyptian manuscripts. Not all of them were deciphered, and in 2018 scientists transferred several medical texts. It turned out that these manuscripts were "natively" from the ancient library at the temple in Tebtunis, which existed until 200 BC And it was founded long before the famous library in Alexandria.In one treatise, it was told about human kidneys, and this convincingly refuted the convictions of scientists that the Egyptians did not know about the bodies. Another text dates from about 3500, when European writing has not yet existed. It described a specific pregnancy test, which was later mentioned as a German medicine in 1699. It emphasizes the millennial influence of the ancient Egyptian medicine, which is often forgotten due to the great Greek and Roman texts. In the Copenhagen collection, there are also works on astrology, botany, etc.
2. Diagnostics of the hysterium Galen
In the past, doctors believed that the woman's uterus could "wander" and then cause tantrum. Where exactly she "wandered", never explained, but one Roman doctor did not support this point of view. His name is Galen (30-210 G. N.E.). The work of this famous doctor became the cornerstone of the fact that later turned into modern medicine. However, the recent discovery showed that even Galen became mistaken, and very much.
It all started with a 2000-year-old papyrus, which no one could read for four centuries. The text on both sides of the document looked as if he was applied to a mirror, "ass in advance." Since this papyrus was hidden in the University of Swiss archive for centuries, scientists managed to get a damaged document only in 2018. The return letter was not mysterious at all.
The document consisted of several papers glued together with each other, and this was done wrong. It turned out to be an unknown job Galen, who described his own diagnosis of hysteria. It was alleged that the cause of the disease is the lack of sex. Galen thought, as a result, a woman could suffer from "hysterical suffocation" or apnea.
3. Restored Rare Bible
Countless holy power and books were missing during the Board of Heinrich VIII. The majority of monasteries were closed in the XVI century during his board in the XVI century, one of which was a Canterbury Cathedral. During this crisis, a huge library out of 30,000 books disappeared. In 2018, it was possible to detect one of these lost volumes - a rare medieval Bible. By the time King Heinrich destroyed the monasteries, this book was already 300 years old.After half a thousandth, after the so-called Ligfield Bible "lit up" at the auction of rare books in London. Using grants and donations, the Canterbury Cathedral bought it for 100,000 pounds of sterling (about $ 130,000). Written on Latin and beautifully decorated, this is the only Bible in the collection of medieval works of the cathedral and one of the 30 books that were still in the original library. Along with other ancient works, the Bible Ligfield is now listed in the UNESCO Register.
4. Fear of the king
The king of England Yakov I experienced a rather unusual fear, as a result of which hundreds of his subjects were killed. He was afraid of witches. In 1606, the king was going to come to the "Knol" estate to his treasurer Thomas Schville. On this occasion, Saxivil has equipped magnificent rooms in the tower of his house. It was unknown for centuries, but the treasurer also took care to protect the king of the witches.
In 2014, symbols found in Know, designed to prevent the wizards to get to the royal chambers. They were under the floorboards, on the beams and around the fireplace (it was the fireplace that was considered a favorite way for witches to penetrate the house). These characters were both cut and burned in the tree, and were intended to ensure the protection of the Virgin Mary. To catch evil spirits, there were also labyrinths called traps for demons.
5 Proof of the existence of King Arthur
Evidence of the existence of the courtyard of King Arthur was found in Cornwall, but only believers believe in the legendary ruler agree with them. For the remaining 1300-year-old artifact proves anything.In 2018, the defenders of nature found a stone in the castle of Tintagel, traditionally considered the birthplace of King Arthur. For centuries, this place was examined by thousands of people who wanted to prove his existence. Finally, on one of the windowsill thickness of 0.61 meters, they found an interesting detail. Of course, there was no inscription "Arthur was here", but an educated person was clearly cut on the windowsill.
Latin letters, Christian characters, Roman and Celtic names were carved by a person familiar with the handwritten gospels of that time. At least, it showed that people who lived in Tintagle were high-cultural, not medieval barbarians. It is possible that it was a royal residence.
6. The oldest library in Germany
In 2018, Archaeologists from Cologne began to expand the old Protestant church. When clearing the territory, the team found the ruins under it. Such ruins were not surprising, because this area was constantly inhabited over 2000 years. The Romans founded the city of Colonia on the Rhine in the 50th year of our era and made it the center of local government in 85 of our era. However, the appointment of this structure was not so obvious.
An early assumption that public meetings were held in the building were caused by unusual walls. Although there were never similar walls with recesses in Roman public places, such walls found in Ephesus in Turkey, where there was a well-known library.
For this reason, archaeologists now believe that the foundation belongs to the oldest library of Germany. Built in the second century, it was probably a two-story and ranked 20 x 9 meters. Once this place was kept about 20,000 parchments and papyrus rolls.
7. Version of biblical history
For decades, Egyptian Papyrus lay forgotten by everyone in the New York Metropolitan Museum Museum. In 2018, the researchers once again decided to look at the artifact. Everything that has been known about the papyrus is that it was found in 1934 under the Pyramid of Pharaoh Senuserta I. The document by age about 1500 years has never been decrypted.After careful study, it turned out that the text was written in the period when Christianity practiced in Egypt. Papyrus contained magic spells, some called on God. It is curious that the fact that God called "those who lead the migrant of the killer." Although Papius does not mention the New Testament, several people from the Jewish Bible are named. For this reason, the researchers consider text by the variation of the events described in the Book of Genesis, when God ordered Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac on Mount Moria.
The Book of Genesis states that God prevented the death of Isaac, but in Papyrus the story describes events in such a way that Isaac was sacrificed. Interestingly, this is not the first ancient text that claims that Abraham killed her son.
8. Poisonous school textbooks
In 2018, the University of South Denmark decided to revise his school library, and more precisely the book for the Renaissance Epoch. Twisters of that time considered old parchments not meaning and used them for binding new books, but they represent tremendous value for scientists. Three manuscript were selected from the collection of rare books. To find out whether their covers were made from reworked documents, each of them was examined under a special X-ray microscope.
It was useless to look naked eye, because the covers of manuscripts were painted with green paint. The idea was to use fluorescence to detect hidden inks. It turned out that the paint in ultraviolet glows due to the content of arsenic in it. This green pigment was a huge nonsense of the Victorian era. Large arsenic was used to create a popular color called Paris Green, which was used everywhere.
As a result, the Victorians wore toxic dresses, licked postage stamps with arsenic and lived in houses with poisonous green wallpaper. This deadly toxin does not lose its slaughter force over time, do not taste and does not smell. Another frightening fact is that the students who engaged with these three books probably absorbed arsenic through the skin.
9. Diary on the back of the floor
When the old French alpine castle was repaired in 2018, removed the floorboards in the room on the top floor. Surprisingly, on the reverse side of the flooring, they found the diary of a certain 38-year-old Joachim Martin from the village of Le Mrot. In 72 notes with a pencil dated 1880 - 1881, Martin talked a lot about himself. This gave an incredibly rare idea of the village life of the XIX century.Working on the construction of the castle as a carpenter, Martin, who was married, wrote about the local depraved priest constantly committed to everyone in a row. He also recorded the harsh secret: Martin knew that his friend's childhood Benjamin had six children from his mistress, and that four of them were killed by their father. Martin wrote frankly, describing things about which he could not speak openly, because he knew that by the time someone would find his memories, he would be dead to those purses.
After opening a "wooden diary", the researchers trained when Ioachim Martin lived (1842-1897) that he had four children, and that he played a violin. The letter he wrote to ask to replace the priest was found later.
10. Fraud with Dead Sea Scrolls
There are profitable buyers in the antiquity market - rich evangelists. They are already chanting for centuries for extremely rare fragments of the deaths of the Dead Sea. These scrolls contain sections of the Jewish Bible, which are 1000 years older than other sources, so evangelists are ready to pay millions even for a tiny piece. Nevertheless, similar rich buyers also attract fraudsters.
In 2017, experts warned that the majority of fragments in circulation are potential fakes. In fact, they are afraid that 90 percent of 75 fragments that are moving from hand to hand since 2002 are fakes. The biggest problem, however, are buyers. Most of them are so blinded by the idea of possession of fragments that they refuse to believe in what was deceived.