Today, any mother can go to the local store and buy a bottle of baby food, instead of breastfeeding his child. However, there were only two options for feeding a child historically: or breastfeeding or hiring a nanny-feed. Often, it was the society that solved the parents "as for them better," since the beliefs about how best to feed the children changed many times in a thousand years.
The main factor was advertising, and the safety of one or another food choice was of paramount importance. We give examples of how people fed their children over the past few thousand years.
1 Kormilitsa
The use of the root was the usual thing before they began to feed the mixture or with a bottle. It began in 2000 BC and continued until the 20th century. During the whole period, the decision on whether the mother will be used or not, was determined not only by a conscious choice, but sometimes a banal necessity - some mothers had no alternative, since they themselves did not produce milk. The services of the Kormilitsa were quite a popular profession - contracts were signed and the crumbles received licenses. The introduction of bottle for feeding in the XIX century as an alternative helped get rid of the practice of cormilitz. In Israel in about 2000 BC Breastfeeding of children was considered a blessing, and this act was even considered as a religious ceremony. In the ancient Egyptian medical essay "Papirus Ebers" was given the following advice for the mother, who does not have lactation: it was necessary to "warm the bones of the sword-fish in oil" and rub the back of the mother. Alternatively, she could sit with crossed legs and there is bread, "roasted in fool" (a type of millet), at the same time rubbing the chest of Mac.
2 Classical antiquity
If a woman in Greece is about 950 BC. He occupied relatively high status, she had necessarily hired a feeder after childbirth. At this time, the crumbles were so in demand that they even had some power over her housekeys. The Bible refers to several examples of Kormilitz. Probably the most famous of them was the cormalist, which the daughter of Pharaoh hired to breastfeed Moses, who was found in the reeds. In the Roman Empire from 300 BC Until 400 g. They hired bombing to care for abandoned children (usually behind girls) who bought rich as future slaves. Such children fed to three years.
3 Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, advice on how the cormilits should behave, published by the Franciscan monk of the XIII century by the name of the Bartholomew English. He recommended the feeders to behave like a mother: "To raise a child when he falls, give the child to the child, when he cries ... wash and clean the baby when he goes to the toilet." In the Middle Ages, childhood began to be perceived as a special time, and breast milk was considered almost magical. Once again, the mothers were recommended to feed their children with breast milk (and moreover, it was considered their holy debt), since it was assumed that breast milk could transmit psychological and physical characteristics to the child. In the era of revival, this attitude towards mothers raising their children has been preserved because women were afraid that babies could become like a nurse-feed.
4 Let's say "no" red
In 1612, the French surgeon and the obstetrician Jacques Giomo stated in his work "care of children", which should not be used with red hair, because their breast milk can transfer their fiery characters. " According to him, the nannies must be "soft, gentle, polite, patient, sober, chaste, and in no case should not be hostile, cholerics, proud, greedy or talkers.
5 Subsequent centuries
From the XVII century to the XIX century, the tradition of breastfeeding with the help of "hired" women continued, because to know, and just rich people considered breastfeeding their children to be unlikely and were afraid that it would spoil the figure. Outfits of that time, all the more did not fit for breastfeeding, because they were even difficult to move in them. Even representatives of the lower classes, such as wives doctors, lawyers and merchants, hired nyanyan-kormilitz, as it was cheaper than hiring someone to keep her husband's business or to keep a household. In the ensuing industrial revolution, many families moved from rural areas to cities, where women usually worked for the cormalists. Specific problems appeared. For example, in "Home Medicine", William Bucos (1779) demonstrates obvious distrust of the cormilites, which often used soothing funds based on opiates so that the children were "quiet and calm."
6 Early bottles
In the XIX, the facilities began to die out, since the popularity was gained milk animal and feeding from a bottle. It should be noted that the use of breeding bottles was popular in ancient times, and vessels were discovered by age thousands of years. Greek terracotta "feeders" 450 BC. used for feeding children with a mixture of wine and honey. Many of the found vessels were tested and traces of dairy products were discovered on them, so archaeologists came to the conclusion that the animal milk or other substitutes were used to feed children in the Stone Age. Problems arising from cleaning bottles are listed in the literature of times of Rome, Middle Ages and Renaissance. The industrial revolution contributed to the fact that the bottles become hygienic and safe to feed the child.
7 Potted pots and children's hounds - "Boats"
Before the modern style of children's bottles was developed, I tried many options. Some of them were made of ceramics or wood, but the most popular type of feeding device was made of a cow horn perforated for milk passage. In the 1700s, preference was given to the tin and silver dishes, the most popular of which was the device called the "Puzzled Pot", invented by the London Physician named Hugh Smith. Unfortunately, the spout of such a pot, similar to the kettle, was almost impossible to clean and it often led to infection and fatal outcomes. Children's rowels in the form of boats used for feeding with bread, impregnated with water or milk, or flakes in the broth. Duffening children were given a similar strengthening food, but because the vessels were very difficult to clean, almost a third of children died in the first year of infections.
8 bottles of the XIX century
Glass bottles were introduced for feeding in the middle of the XIX century, and some of them were very complex, blown in the form of cones or pumpkins. Gradually, they replaced the porcelain vessels for feeding, which were before. Many of the new products were subsequently called "Bottles-Killer", since they became a kind of Petri dishes for breeding bacteria (cleaned necks and rubber tubes were very difficult). In one case, artificial breasts were invented, which mother could fill with milk and wear on himself so that the milk was warmer from the heat of the body. In 1863, the inventor named Matthew Tomlinson constructed a "pear-shaped bottle of colored glass called" Cottage ", which he sold for shilling, and believed that it was very well adapted to feed the child with a man.
9 Early Formulas
In modern culture, breastfeeding is considered the best power source for babies, but when mixtures were invented, advertising increased public interest in alternative sources of milk. Therefore, during the XIX century, the animal milk has become preferable again and was added to the mixtures of bread when the child was sick. A comparison between animals and human milk was studied in the XVIII century, depending on which animal was available to the community, for example, horses, pigs, camels, donkeys, sheep and goats. The cow's milk as a whole turned out to be preferable. In 1865, the "ideal" composition was developed for baby milk, imitating the content of breast milk. Called by the formula of the librix, it consisted of cow's milk, malt and wheat flour with potassium carbonate.
10 Improvements and Increased Security
By the end of 1883, 27 patented varieties of baby food formula under the libid brand appeared, but many of them were inadequate from the point of view of nutrition, as well as sugar to increase calorie. Over time, knowledge regarding the enrichment by vitamins allowed the compositions of becoming more efficient. But the food was most popular in the summer, when the milk was spoiled, so infant mortality has increased. The situation has improved only after the adoption of the theory of microbes between 1890 and 1910. Since the purity of the bottles has improved, and the rubber nipples have become more affordable, mortality decreased. In addition, a considerable role was played by the appearance in an increasing number of refrigerators, in which the milk could be safely stored for further use.