Amazinyo yindawo yanamuhla yezokwelapha. Yize eqinisweni wayehlala ekhona ngendlela eyodwa noma kwelinye, esikhathini esidlule, ukwelashwa kwamazinyo kwakuvame ukumangalisa kakhulu futhi kungasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, ngasikhathi sinye abalungisa izinwele bezinwele kwakungudokotela wamazinyo, ngesinye isikhathi amazinyo aphathwa ngamagundane afile. Akunandaba noma kungamangazi kangakanani, ezinye izinqubo ezixakile kakhulu, njengokusetshenziswa komchamo wokudonsa umlomo, "kusetshenzeke."
1. AmaRoma asendulo asebenzisa umchamo womlomo ohlanganayo
AmaRoma asendulo asebenzisa umchamo womuntu nezilwane njengoketshezi lokukhipha umlomo. Kwakuvamile futhi kujwayelekile ukuthi amaRoma ayevame ukushiya amabhodwe ezindaweni zomphakathi ukuze abadluliseli benzeke kubo. Uhulumeni futhi akazange ehluleke ukusebenzisa ithuba lokuthola futhi aqale abathelisi nabathengisi bemichamo. Yize kuzwakala kunyanyekayo, indlela yokuhlanza yomchamo womlomo yayisebenza kahle. Le nto ukuthi umchamo uqukethe i-ammonia, isithako esisebenzayo esisetshenziswa kubahlanza basekhaya banamuhla. Isibonelo, amarekhodi angokomlando agcinele iqiniso lokuthi iRomanna egama lingu-Ignatius amazinyo ayemhlophe amhlophe ukuthi wamamatheka ngawo wonke amathuba. Imbongi egama linguGuy Valery Katull ikhathele kangaka ukumamatheka kwe-Ignatia, ayibhalela inkondlo, oyilahla ngayo. UKatully Ocasukile waphawula ukuthi i-Egnatius emamatheka ngisho nasenkantolo lapho lesi sigwebo singathandeki kummangalelwa, futhi samamatheka futhi sonke isikhathi sasikuhambo. Ngokusho kukaKattula, ukumamatheka ngokweqile kungumphumela walesi sifo, futhi waveza ukuthi i-Egnator kufanele ayeke ukumamatheka ngokweqile, ngoba "akukho lutho oluyisiwula ukwedlula ukumamatheka okuyisiphukuphuku."
2 Amazinyo awenzile emazinyweni angempela
Ama-prostheses anamuhla enziwe ngezinto zokufakelwa. Kodwa-ke, emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, amazinyo enziwa emazinyweni angempela. Ngo-2016, abaphenyi base-Itali baseNtaliyane abahlukanise yithuna eLucca, e-Italy, bathola i-prosthesis yamazinyo ama-5, eyenziwe ngamazinyo angempela abantu abahlukahlukene axhumene nengxube yegolide, isiliva nethusi. Abaphenyi baphakamise ukuthi le-prosthesis yenziwa phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka we-XIV nama-XVII. Lawo ma-professeses ayetholakala phambilini eGibhithe, futhi kwaziwa nangokuthi ama-etrusks asendulo namaRoma abeka ama-prostheseses avela emazinyweni abanye abantu. Ama-prostheses asevame kakhulu kuma-1400s. Abantu abampofu bathengisa amazinyo abo kulabo ababadingayo. Abaphangi amathuna babevame ukuphanga emngcwabeni ukuphambukisela amazinyo ezidumbu. Isidingo samazinyo esintu sikhule ngemuva kwempi enegazi eWaterloo ngoJuni 18, 1815. Abantu bendawo, amasosha nama-chapel asuse inkundla yempi, akhiphe wonke amazinyo (ngaphandle komdabu, okwakunzima ukuwasusa, futhi ayengafanelekile ikakhulukazi ama-prostheses) kuwo wonke amasosha afile) kuwo wonke amasosha afile) kuwo wonke amasosha afile. Ngemuva kwalokho, "inyamazane" yathunyelwa e-UK, lapho bathola khona isimo sonke kuwo. Kamuva, "amazinyo kaWaterloo" aqala ukubiza noma yimaphi amazinyo aqhele ngezinsalela zamasosha afile enkundleni yempi. Lokhu kwenzeka futhi ngesikhathi seMpi yaseCrimea neMpi Yezempi yase-United States. Naphezu kokuthandwa kwawo, ama-prostheses avela kwalawa mazinyo omuntu awahlali kahle ngoba angabola futhi awahlali kahle ngosayizi.
3 Ukuhlakuna Kwezinyo Asendulo
Amazinyo okuqala avele phakathi kuka-3500 no-3000. BC, lapho abaseGibhithe nabaseBabiloni bahlanza amazinyo ngemikhawulo ethayiphekile yamagatsha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amazinyo asungulwa cishe ama-millennia amabili kuya kubhulashi lamazinyo. Kukholakala ukuthi abaseGibhithe lasendulo benza amazinyo okuqala acishe abe ngu-5000 BC. AmaRoma asendulo, amaGrikhi, amaShayina namaNdiya asebenzisa futhi amazinyo, kodwa wabe wenziwa kulowo "ababekwenzile." Konke kwangena kuleli cala - kusuka egobolondweni leqanda elishisiwe ngaphambi komlotha ovela ezinselosweni ezishisiwe. Abantu abahlala eduze kwezintaba-mlilo bangezwe ku-FAME, futhi amaGrikhi namaRoma eTootPetal bahlanganisa i-powder yamathambo adidekile namagobolondo (amaRoma angezwakala namalahle, amagxolo kanye nokunambitheka). Ngawo-1800s, amazinyo ajwayelekile aqukethe insipho, bese ushona. Insipho yahlala yahlanyisa amazinyo okuhlangene kuze kube ngu-1945, lapho ithathelwa indawo izithako eziningana, kufaka phakathi iSodium Lauryl Sulfate.
4 Izinwele zezinwele ezisetshenziselwa ukuba kudokotela amazinyo
Kumakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kungenzeka ukuthi kuhambe ngokuphelele ku-haircut hhayi kuphela ukuthola izinwele, kepha ukuhlwitha izinyo noma ukwenza umsebenzi olula. Le nto ukuthi abahleli bezinwele baphinde basebenze nemisebenzi yodokotela bamazinyo kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo, ngoba babevame ukuba namathuluzi abukhali adingekayo ekusebenzeni nasekususwe kwamazinyo. Kamuva, abalungisa izinwele bezinwele baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-hair durgerrer ahlise ukumemezela ubuciko babo (igama elithi "udokotela wamazinyo" lavela kamuva). Njengokulindelekile, akekho owakhathalela ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa kwamazinyo, njengoba odokotela bamazinyo benza khona namuhla, kodwa bavele basuse amazinyo abhujisiwe.
5 Akekho umuntu ohlanzekile amazinyo akho izinkulungwane zeminyaka
Uma ungawahlanza amazinyo akho, khona-ke lesi ngesinye sezindlela ezisheshayo zokuwalahla. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abaningi bayamangala ukuthi abantu babenamazinyo amahle ezinkulungwaneni ezedlule, yize kungenzeka bengakaze bazihlanze kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo. Kukholakala ukuthi okhokho bethu bakwazile ukuba ngenxa yokudla kwabo. Badla imikhiqizo yemvelo, engalawulwa ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali anezelwe ngokwengeziwe kanye nezindawo zokugcina. Imikhiqizo yabo ibuye yaceba ngamavithamini kanye nezakhi zomzimba, ezivame ukususwa namuhla ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa. Okhokho bethu badle ukudla okuningi okufisayo, okwakuhlanza amazinyo abo kumagciwane kanye nezinsalela zokudla.
Izimpawu ezi-6 zingaqhuma
Kumanothi odokotela bamazinyo wekhulu le-XIX ePennsylvania, bekukhona izinkomba zamacala amathathu angajwayelekile okuqhuma kwakhe amazinyo ngesikhathi somsebenzi wakhe. Isigameko sokuqala senzeka ngo-1817, lapho izinzwa zompristi ziqhuma khona lapho emlonyeni wakhe. UMfu owayenecala elibuhlungu obuqinile wamazinyo, okwakungabekezeleleki, emva kwalokho amazinyo aqhekeke futhi aqhume. Ubuhlungu busheshe banyamalala, umpristi walala. Icala lesibili lenzeke eminyakeni engu-13 kamuva, lapho izinyo lokuthile u-Leticia othize aqhuma ngemuva kokuba nobuhlungu obuningi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. UMnu Anna P. ubuye waqhuma ngo-1855. Icala elibi kakhulu lenzeke ngo-1871, lapho elinye udokotela wamazinyo libika ekuqhumeni kwezinyo ngowesifazane ongabhajwa. Ukuqhuma kwakhala kakhulu kangangokuba lokho ngeshwa kwawa futhi kwakhanya izinsuku eziningana. Izigameko ezinjalo eziyinqaba zabhaliswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1920s, ngemuva kwalokho zazinganyamalala kangako. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma kubangelwa ama-alloys asetshenziselwa izimpawu ngaleso sikhathi. Odokotela bamazinyo bokuqala badale ama-alloys, izinsimbi zokuxuba, ezinjengokuhola, isiliva ne-tin. Lezi zinsimbi zingajoyina ukusabela futhi zidale okuthile ngaphakathi kwezinyo njengeseli le-electrochemical, empeleni ukuliguqula kube ibhethri elincane. Futhi, umkhiqizo wokuphendula okunjalo uvame ukwenziwa nge-hydrogen, okungekho lapho kufanele kudlule khona futhi asanda kuqongelela ngaphakathi kwezinyo. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi i-hydrogen iqhume ngemuva kokuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwezinsimbi kudale inhlansi, noma ngisho nangesikhathi sokubhema ugwayi. Noma kunjalo, abanye abacwaningi bayangabaza lo mbono, ngoba abukho ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abathintekile bagcwalise kulezi zinsimbi.
7 Amazinyo amnyama amnyama abhekwa njengemfashini eNgilandi
Ushukela usuphenduke umkhiqizo othandwayo esikhathini sezitube, kepha wabe esebiza kakhulu eNgilandi, ngakho-ke waba yilungelo elikhethekile labacebile. Abamele izigaba eziphakeme kakhulu bangezelwa ushukela emifino, izithelo, imithi kanye nakho konke abakuthatha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaqala abantu abacebile baqala ukuhlushwa ama-caries. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu yiNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth, eyaziwa ngamazinyo akhe abolile. Amanxusa kwamanye amazwe akhononda kaninginingi ukuthi inkulumo yakhe inzima ukuyiqonda, yize kunezinsolo zokuthi izinkinga ezinamazinyo eNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth kungenzeka ukuthi zihaha izinyo elilodwa ngoba lisuswa kuphela izinyo. Akunandaba ukuthi kubi kangakanani, amazinyo ka-Elizabethe ayekhona, amazinyo amnyama abolile ajwayelekile kakhulu kwabacebile, okwaphenduka uphawu lwesimo. Abampofu basheshe baqala ukuba mnyama amazinyo abo ngokwabo, ngoba babefuna abanye ukuba bazibhekele.
Amazinyo ayi-8 amnyama nawo abhekwa njengemfashini eJapan
Amazinyo amnyama ayenemfashini futhi engaphandle kweBrithani. Ngokungafani ne-albion yenkungu, lapho ushukela kwakuyimbangela, abantu bezinye izingxenye zase-Asia naseNingizimu Melika bawela amazinyo ependa ngamabomu. Umbala wamazinyo wawuvame eJapan yasendulo, lapho wabizwa khona ngokuthi "Okaguro". Ukuthandwa kuka-Ohaguuro kwafika kuye e-HeyDay phakathi kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili neleshumi nambili. Ikakhulu lo mkhuba wawuvamile phakathi kwama-aristocrats athanda ukupenda ubuso babo abamhlophe. Ubuso obumhlophe wenza amazinyo abo abukeka ephuzi, ngakho-ke babadweba abamnyama. USamurai wapenda amazinyo abo ukuze afakazele ukuthembeka kwawo kumnikazi wawo. Imvamisa wasebenzisa ingxube yedayi emnyama, abantu ababephuza izinsuku eziningana. Ingxube yayimunyu kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinongo zazivame ukungezwa ekwenzeni ngcono ukunambitheka. Ukuzilolonga kwasheshe kwamukelwa ekilasini eliphansi. U-Ohaguuro wayevinjelwe ngonyaka we-1870 ngesikhathi sokuguqula izinguquko, ngosizo lwaseJapan lazama ukwenza isizwe sanamuhla.
9 Amagundane afile ukwelashwa kwe-towpro
Ubuhlungu bamazinyo bungenye yezilonda ezingathandeki kakhulu, futhi abantu bahlushwa kubo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo basebenzisa amagundane afile ukwelashwa kobuhlungu bamazinyo. Bachoboze igundane bayixubile inyama enezithako eziningana. Isixazululo esiphumela sasisetshenziswa esigulini. Ku- "Elizabetan" Britain, lapho, njengoba nje aziwa khona, abantu abaningi babenezinkinga ngamazinyo, amagundane afile nawo abhekwa njengomuthi oyisimangaliso. Bebejwayele ukwelapha izifo eziningana, kufaka phakathi ukukhwehlela, i-ospi kanye nobusuku. Futhi lapho bekungekho lutho olungakwelapha, igundane laya ekugcwalisweni kwamaphayi.
10 pelican yamazinyo
Obizwa ngokuthi "Amazinyo Pelican" yithuluzi lelo, ngenhlanhla, alisetshenziswa namuhla kumakhabethe amazinyo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakubuhlungu kakhulu futhi kuvame ukuholelwa kulimaze izinsini namazinyo angomakhelwane. Iziguli zivame "zitholwe ku-appendage" kuye izinyo elikude legazi elibi kanye nemihlathi ekhubazekile. I-pelican yamazinyo yathola igama layo ngenxa yokuthi i-pelican ekhunjuzwa kancane. Yasungulwa ngawo-1300s futhi ithathwa njengenye yamadivayisi okuqala kokususwa kwamazinyo. Njengoba sekushiwo, abalungisa izinwele zakhe basetshenzisiwe. Ngeshwa, iziguli zazingenakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokukhuthazelela i-pelican futhi zibeka engcupheni ukulimala okuqinisekisiwe, ngoba ukuphela kwendlela yokususa izinyo elichithekile.