Imvamisa, i-papyrus, amatshe nezinkuni kuqukethe imininingwane ebalulekile futhi kunikeze ososayensi ekutholakaleni okumangalisayo mayelana nokuphila kwamakhulu nezinkulungwaneni ezedlule. Ababhali abangajwayelekile noma imisebenzi engaziwa yobuntu obudumile yi- "Ausberg Phezulu", kanye nenkulumo namuhla izodlula kubo.
1. Umuthi wasendulo waseGibhithe
E-Danish Capital, Copenhagen iqoqo eliyingqayizivele lemibhalo yesandla yaseGibhithe. Akubona bonke abahlonishwayo, kwathi ngo-2018 ososayensi badlulisela imibhalo eminingana yezokwelapha. Kwavela ukuthi le mibhalo yesandla "yayinjalo" emtatsheni wasendulo ethempelini laseTebtunis, eyayikhona kuze kube ngama-200 BC Futhi kwasungulwa kudala ngaphambi komtapo wezincwadi odumile e-Alexandria.Kokunye, kwatshelwa ngezinso zabantu, futhi lokhu kwavuma ngokuqiniseka ngokwethembekile kososayensi abangabaziyo ngemizimba. Enye imibhalo evela ku-3500, lapho ukubhala kwe-Europe sekungakabi khona. Kuchaze isivivinyo esithile sokukhulelwa, okwashiwo kamuva njengomuthi waseJalimane ngo-1699. Igcizelela ithonya leminyaka eyinkulungwane yomuthi wasendulo waseGibhithe, ovame ukukhohlwa ngenxa yemibhalo emikhulu yamaGrikhi neyaseRoma. Eqoqweni leCopenhagen, kukhona nemisebenzi yokufunda izinkanyezi, iBotany, njll.
2. Ukuxilongwa kwe-Hysterterium Galen
Esikhathini esedlule, odokotela babekholelwa ukuthi isibeletho sowesifazane singakwazi "ukuzulazula" bese kubangela i-tantrum. Lapho ngempela "ezulazula", engakaze achaze khona, kepha udokotela oyedwa waseRoma akazange asekelwe leli phuzu. Igama lakhe nguGalen (30-210 G. N.E.). Umsebenzi walo dokotela odumile waba yitshe leqiniso lokuthi kamuva kwaphenduka umuthi wanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ukutholwa kwakamuva kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho ne-Galen yaba nephutha, futhi kakhulu.
Konke kwaqala nge-papyrus eneminyaka engu-2000, okungekhona eyayingafundela amakhulu amane eminyaka. Umbhalo ezinhlangothini zombili zedokhumenti wawubukeka sengathi usetshenziswa esibukweni, "Asentu ngaphambi kwesikhathi." Njengoba leli papyrus lalifihlwe e-University of Swinland Archive amakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola idokhumenti elimele ngo-2018. Le ncwadi yokubuya ibingeyona imfihlakalo nhlobo.
Lo mbhalo wawunamaphepha amaningana ahlanganiswa kanyekanye, futhi lokhu kwenziwa okungalungile. Kwavela ukuthi ungumsebenzi ongaziwa uGalen, owachaza ukuxilongwa kwakhe kwe-hysteria. Kusolwa ukuthi imbangela yalesi sifo ukuntuleka kocansi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yalokho, owesifazane wayengahlushwa "ukugcotshwa kwe-hysterical" noma i-apnea.
3. Kubuyiselwe ibhayibheli elingavamile
Amandla angcwele angenakubalwa nezincwadi zazilahlekile phakathi neBhodi laseHeinrich VIII. Iningi lezindlu zezindela lavalwa ngekhulu le-XVI phakathi neBhodi lakhe ngekhulu le-XVI, elinye lalo laliyisonto leCanterbury. Ngale nkinga, umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu kwezincwadi ezingama-30,000 wanyamalala. Ngo-2018, kungenzeka ukuthola enye yalezi zinhlobo ezilahlekile - ibhayibheli elingajwayelekile lesikhathi esizayo. Ngesikhathi iKing Heinrich yabhubhisa izindela, le ncwadi ibiseneminyaka engama-300 ubudala.Ngemuva kwesigamu senkulungwane, ngemuva kokuthiwa yi-Ligfield Bible "wavutha" endalini yezincwadi ezingandile eLondon. Kusetshenziswa izibonelelo neminikelo, iCanterbury Cathedral ithenge amakhilogremu ayi-100,000 e-sterling (cishe ama- $ 130,000). Kubhalwe ngesiLatini futhi kuhlotshiswe kahle, lokhu kungukuphela kweBhayibheli ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi yangezikhathi zasendulo yesonto laseKhathedrali kanti enye yezincwadi ezingama-30 ezazisetalidini yokuqala. Kanye neminye imisebenzi yasendulo, i-Big Figfield yeBhayibheli manje isibalwe kwirejista ye-UNESCO.
4. Ukwesaba Inkosi
Inkosi yaseNgilandi iYakovi ngathola ukwesaba okungajwayelekile, ngenxa yokuthi amakhulu ezindaba zakhe abulawa. Wayesaba abathakathi. Ngo-1606, inkosi yayizofika efeni elithi "Knol" liye kumgcinimafa wayo uThomas Schville. Kulokhu, uSaxivil uhlome amakamelo amahle kakhulu embhoshongweni wendlu yakhe. Kwakungaziwa amakhulu eminyaka, kepha umgcinimafa wabuye wakunakekela ukuvikela inkosi yabathakathi.
Ngo-2014, izimpawu ezitholakele zazi, zenzelwe ukuvikela ama-wizards ukuthi afike kumakamelo asebukhosini. Babengaphansi kwamabhodi phansi, emishameni nasekuzungeze umlilo (kwakuyindawo yomlilo eyayithathwa njengendlela ayithandayo yabathakathi yokungena endlini). Lezi zinhlamvu zazisikiwe futhi zishiswe esihlahleni, futhi zazihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kweNtombi Enyulu uMariya. Ukubamba imimoya emibi, kwakukhona naku-labyrinths ebizwa ngokuthi izingibe zamademoni.
Ubufakazi obungu-5 bokuba khona kweKing Arthur
Ubufakazi bokuba khona kwegceke leNkosi u-Arthur batholwe eCornwall, kodwa amakholwa kuphela akholelwa kumbusi odumile avumelana nabo. Okwe-artifact esele eneminyaka engu-1300 enjalo kufakazela noma yini.Ngo-2018, abavikeli bemvelo bathola itshe elisebukhosini laseTintagel, ngokwesiko lalibhekisa lapho izakhamuzi zeNkosi u-Arthur. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, le ndawo yahlolwa izinkulungwane zabantu ababefuna ukufakazela ubukhona bakhe. Ekugcineni, kolunye lwe-Windows ubukhulu bamamitha ayi-0.61, bathola imininingwane ethokozisayo. Kuyiqiniso, kwakungekho mbhalo "U-Arthur ubelapha", kepha umuntu ofundile wanqunywa ngokusobala efasiteleni.
Izincwadi zesiLatini, izinhlamvu ezingamaKhristu, amagama amaRoma neCeltic aqoshwe ngumuntu ojwayelene namaVangeli abhalwe ngesandla. Okungenani, kwabonisa ukuthi abantu ababehlala eTintagle babengamasiko aphezulu, hhayi ama-barbarians aphakathi. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyindawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini.
6. umtapo wezincwadi owadala eJalimane
Ngo-2018, abavubukuli abavela eCologne baqala ukwandisa isonto lamaProthestani elidala. Lapho esula insimu, iqembu lathola amanxiwa ngaphansi kwalo. Amanxiwa anjalo awamangazi, ngoba le ndawo ibihlala njalo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2000. AmaRoma asungula idolobha laseColonia eRhine ngonyaka wama-50 we-Era yethu futhi akwenza kwaba yisikhungo sohulumeni basekhaya ngo-85 wesikhathi sethu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqokwa kwalesi sakhiwo kwakungabonakali kangako.
Umcabango wokuqala wokuthi kugcinwe imihlangano yomphakathi esakhiweni kwabangelwa izindonga ezingajwayelekile. Yize bekungakaze kube nezindonga ezifanayo nezinto zokuphumula ezindaweni zomphakathi zaseRoma, izindonga ezinjalo ezitholakala e-Efesu eTurkey, lapho kwakukhona umtapo wezincwadi owaziwayo.
Ngalesi sizathu, abavubukuli manje bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sisekelo singelomtapo omkhulu weJalimane. Yakhelwe ngekhulu lesibili, cishe kwakuyindaba emibili futhi yabekwa amamitha angama-20 x 9. Lapho le ndawo igcinwe cishe izikhumba ezingama-20,000 kanye nama-papyrus roll.
7. Uhlobo lomlando webhayibheli
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-papyrus yaseGibhithe ilele wonke umuntu eMnyuziyamu weNew York Metropolitan Museum. Ngo-2018, abacwaningi baphinde banquma ukubheka i-artifact. Konke okwaziwa nge-papyrus ukuthi kwatholakala ngo-1934 ngaphansi kwephiramidi kaFaro Senaserta I. Idokhumenti eneminyaka engaba ngu-1500 ayikaze ichazwe.Ngemuva kokutadisha ngokucophelela, kwavela ukuthi umbhalo wabhalwa ngesikhathi lapho ubuKristu bejabula khona eGibhithe. I-Papyrus yayiqukethe iziphonso zomlingo, abanye babizelwa uNkulunkulu. Kunelumeni lokuthi iqiniso lokuthi uNkulunkulu abize ngokuthi "labo abahola umfuduki wombulali." Yize uPapius engasho lutho iTestamente eNtsha, abantu abaningi abavela eBhayibhelini abangamaJuda baqanjwa. Ngalesi sizathu, abacwaningi babheka umbhalo ngokuhlukahluka kwezigameko ezichazwe encwadini kaGenesise, lapho uNkulunkulu eyala u-Abrahama ukuba anikele ngendodana yakhe u-Isaka eNtabeni iMoriya.
Incwadi kaGenesise ithi uNkulunkulu evimbele ukufa kuka-Isaka, kodwa epanini lendaba ichaza izehlakalo ngendlela u-Isaka anikelwa ngayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, lo akuwona umbhalo wokuqala wakudala othi u-Abrahama wambulala indodana yakhe.
8. Izincwadi Ezinoshevu School Books
Ngo-2018, i-University of South Dennerk yanquma ukubuyekeza umtapo wezincwadi wesikole sakhe, futhi ngenkani incwadi ngeRenaissance Epoch. Ama-Trinters alesosikhathi acubungule izikhumba ezindala azisho ukuthi zisho ukuthi zibopha izincwadi ezintsha, kepha zimelela inani elikhulu kakhulu lososayensi. Kukhethwe imibhalo emithathu yesandla eqoqweni izincwadi ezingandile. Ukuthola ukuthi ngabe izembozo zabo zenziwe ngamadokhumenti abuyiselwa emuva, ngalinye lahlolwa ngaphansi kwesimo esikhulu se-x-ray special.
Akusizi ngalutho ukubukeka ngamehlo anqunu, ngoba izembozo zemibhalo yesandla zipendwe ngopende oluhlaza. Umqondo bekuwukusebenzisa i-fluorescence ukuthola ama-inks afihliwe. Kwavela ukuthi upende e-Ultraviolet ekhazimulayo ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-arsenic kuyo. Le pigment eluhlaza yayiwubuze obukhulu besikhathi seVictorian. I-Arsenic enkulu yayisetshenziselwa ukudala umbala othandwayo obizwa ngeParis Green, eyayisetshenziswa yonke indawo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abakwaVictorians babegqoka izingubo ezinobuthi, izitembu zokuposa ezikhohlisiwe ne-arsenic futhi zihlala ezindlini ezinobomvu okuluhlaza okotshani. Le nto ebulalayo ayilahli amandla ayo okubulala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ayinambitheki futhi ayiphunga. Elinye iqiniso elesabisayo ukuthi abafundi ababandakanyeka kulezi zincwadi ezintathu mhlawumbe bamukele i-arsenic ngesikhumba.
9. Idayari ngemuva phansi
Lapho i-alpine castle endala yaseFrance yalungiswa ngonyaka ka-2018, yasusa amabhodi phansi phansi egumbini elisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokumangazayo, ohlangothini olubuyela emuva, bathola idayari yomuntu oneminyaka engu-38 ubudala uJoachim Martin ovela edolobhaneni laseLe Mortot. Ngo-72 amanothi anepensela yakhekile ngo-1880 - 1881, uMartin wakhuluma kakhulu ngaye. Lokhu kwanikeza umbono obaluleke kakhulu empilweni yedolobhana yekhulu le-XIX.Ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwenqaba njengombazi, uMartin, owashada, wabhala ngompristi ohlelwe yindawo njalo wangena kuwo wonke umuntu ngokulandelana. Ubuye wabhala imfihlo enzima: UMartin wayazi ukuthi uBhenjamini womngane wakhe wayenezingane eziyisithupha ezivela enkosikazini yakhe, nokuthi abane babo babulawa nguyise. UMartin wabhala ngokungananazi, echaza izinto ngendlela ayengakwazi ukukhuluma ngayo obala, ngoba wayazi ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile umuntu azothola izinkumbulo zakhe, wayezoshonile kulabo bazo.
Ngemuva kokuvula "idayari yokhuni", abacwaningi baqeqeshiwe lapho i-IOachim Martin ephila ngayo (1842-1897) ukuthi wayenezingane ezine, nokuthi wadlala i-violin. Incwadi ayibhalile ecela ukubuyisa umpristi esikhundleni sayo kamuva.
10. Ukukhwabanisa ngemibhalo yasolwandle efile
Kukhona abathengi abanenzuzo emakethe yamandulo - abavangeli abacebile. Sevele ecula amakhulu eminyaka izicucwana ezingandile kakhulu zokufa koLwandle Olufile. Le mibhalo iqukethe izingxenye zebhayibheli lamaJuda, eliyiminyaka eyi-1000 ubudala kuneminye imithombo, ngakho-ke abavangeli bakulungele ukukhokha izigidi ngisho nocezu oluncane. Noma kunjalo, abathengi abacebile abanothile nabo baheha nabakhwabanisi.
Ngo-2017, ochwepheshe baxwayise ngokuthi izingcezwana eziningi ekusakazweni zingaba fakes. Eqinisweni, besaba ukuthi amaphesenti angama-90 wezingcezwana ezingama-75 ezihamba ezandleni zawo kusukela ngo-2002 zingamampunge. Inkinga enkulu, noma kunjalo, abathengi. Iningi lazo liphuphuthekiswa ngumqondo wokutholakala nezingcezu zezingcezu abayenqabayo ukukholelwa kulokho okukhohlisiwe.