Eqinisweni, sonke isikhathi somlando wesintu sasiyinto efana nemizamo yaphakade yokusinda nokuzivumelanisa nazo zonke izifo ezintsha, zivame ukubhekana nokusongelwa kobukhona babantu njengezinhlobo. Njalo lapho uqhamuka nendlela entsha yokulwa nezifo ezahlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo, ushintsho lwama-pathogen futhi uguqulwe, uguqulwe kangcono "isikhali" esisha ngokumelene nabo. Futhi kwenzeka izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Khumbula ukuthi ubhubhane olubi olubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, owasabisa ngempucuko yonke.
1. Prehistoric Chuma
Kukholakala ukuthi inhlupho enkulu, eyenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngesikhathi sePaleolithic, yanciphisa kakhulu inani labantu, ikakhulukazi, "ukupela" cishe bonke abantu abasha. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu bhubhane lunciphisa inani labantu base-Afrika kubantu abangaphansi kwe-10,000. Abaphenyi beza kulesi siphetho, beqokomisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezithile ezenza izinkawu zithambekele ezifweni ezithile ezinhle. Abantu banofuzo olulodwa banyamalala, kanti enye manje ayisebenzi. Ngemuva kokuphela kobhubhane lweHomo sapieve afuma kwaqala ukuthuthuka futhi kuhlale phansi ngokushesha, futhi ushintsho lwezakhi zofuzo lungasiza kulokhu, lwehlise isimo sabo ezifweni ezithile.2. Sweden
Muva nje, kutholwe izidumbu eziningi emihumeni yaseSweden emihumeni yaseSweden, kanye nososayensi bathola okuthile okusabekayo kakhulu: uhlobo olufana nolusizi lwesifo esimnyama (i-Yersinia Pestris bacterium), ebhubhise iningi le-Europe langezikhathi zakudala ezikhathini eziningana. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kuqubuka kwalesi sifo kwaqubuka kudala ngaphambi kososayensi abaziwayo bezinhlamvu zomlando. Ukutholwa kwamagciwane emizimbeni yeminyaka engama-5000 eyedlule eSweden kunikeza le mbono izimpikiswano ezinzima kakhulu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ukuqubuka kokuqala kwe-mass break Y. Pusts kwakunguJustinianova inhlupho yakhe, ebeka uMbuso WaseByzantine emadolweni akhe ngo-541 wesikhathi sethu esingu-541 futhi waqhubeka nomusa ukuvimba abantu abanye abayizigidi ezingama-25.
Futhi, ososayensi babazi ukuthi eminyakeni engama-5,000-6000 eyedlule, inani labantu lancishiswa kakhulu ngezizathu ezithile. Abaphenyi manje selokhu beqala ukucabanga ukuthi bathole imbangela yalokhu - "inhlupho emnyama" yokuqala ". UBactercy usagcinwa nanamuhla, ngakho-ke kungahle kube nombuzo ofanele - ngakho-ke kungani kungenjalo kubulawe kangako njengalowo owachitha ingxenye esele yoMbuso WaseRoma, noma njengesifo sekhulu le-XIV, elabulala amaphesenti angama-60 wabantu baseYurophu. Impendulo ilula - abantu sebeguqukile futhi bajwayela ukulwa nokufa okuhlukahlukene phambilini.
3. I-Athene
I-Athene yahlupheka kakhulu kwi-pathogen engaqondakali phakathi kuka-430 no-427 kuya esikhathini sethu. Ubhubhane, olwaziwa ngokuthi inhlupho yase-Athene, uvimbele ngokuqinile amacebo wedolobha-umbuso ngesikhathi sempi yasePeloponneseyia. Lesi sifo sichazwa ngokuningiliziwe emsebenzini owaziwayo ngokuthi "umlando wempi yasePeloponneseyian", echaza lesi sifo esabhubhisa ngaphezulu kwesithathu sabantu base-Athene ngaleso sikhathi. Umlobi walo msebenzi, fucdide, uchaze izimpawu zalesi sifo esinesihluku kakhulu, ikakhulukazi - ukukhwehlela okuqinile, ukuhlanza nokuquleka. Abaphenyi abasaqiniseki nakanjani ukuthi inhlupho yasenzulu empeleni yayiyini ngempela, kodwa phakathi kokucatshangwa okuyinhloko bathola i-cortex, incabung noma ezinye izifo. Uhlobo ngqo lwe-pathogen luhlala luyimfihlakalo, kodwa nakanjani laziwa ngokuthi walimaza kakhulu abantu base-Athene. Kukholakala ukuthi lo bhubhane usube ngesinye sezizathu zokuwa kwe-Greece yasendulo.4 Uhluba 4 U-Antonina
Kusukela ku-165 AD, uMbuso WaseRoma wanyakazisa ukuqubuka kwesihluku kwesifo, okwaba ekuqaleni kwemicimbi emnyama yombuso. Namuhla, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuwubhubhane lwengxibongo. Yiba yilokho njengoba kungenzeka, ama-bos nakanjani anikine nakanjani izisekelo zombuso futhi ekugcineni washintsha inkambo yomlando. Uhluba u-Antonina lwalusabeka kakhulu kangangokuba wabulala abantu abafika kwabangu-2000 ngosuku, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inani labantu baseRoma lancishiswa ngamaphesenti ayi-7 - 10. Amabutho amaRoma alimale ngokukhethekile, ngoba amasosha ayehlala emakamu asondelene nawo, futhi athelelekana. Lokhu kuthinte amandla ezempi eRoma futhi ekugcineni kwafaka isandla ekuweni kokunye kombuso. Kwashintsha nobuningi babantu - imiphakathi yabantu yaqala ukuhlala komunye nomunye, isabalalisa ngokwengeziwe. Lo bhubhane uveze indlela yezilimo zaseJalimane, ezazigxilile eYurophu, futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekuwohlokeni okungenakugwenywa eMbusweni WaseRoma. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsizakusebenza zomzimba nakwezomnotho, iRoma yayisezinhlekeleleni ezinkulu, futhi konke ngenxa yesifo esasimocelela inani labantu bakhe.
5 Byzantine umbuso
Njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, ukuqubuka kokuqala kwesifo se-bubonic kwafaka emadolweni akhe i-byzantium (uMbuso WaseRoma osempumalanga). Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Justinian Chuma, ngoba bekukhona ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Emperor Justinian I ngo-541 ubhubhane washaya iConstantinople, inhliziyo yombuso, wabe esesatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amadolobha oMbuso WaseRoma ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, uJustinian waqala ukubuyisela uMbuso WaseRoma futhi wathola impumelelo enkulu emikhankasweni yamasosha entshonalanga emizameni yokubuyisa udumo lweRoma. Kepha isifo sabeka isiphambano emizameni yakhe. Njengesifo esashayisa eYurophu ngekhulu leminyaka kamuva, kwadalwa futhi ukuhweba, futhi kwadluliselwa ikakhulu ama-fleas kumagundane. Kepha akayekanga, akhawulele kuphela umbuso waseRoma osempumalanga. Ngokushesha lesi sifo sasakazeka ngokwengeziwe ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ze-feudal, ezazihlala eYurophu ngemuva kokuwohloka kwengxenye yasentshonalanga yoMbuso WaseRoma. Ngenxa yalokho, wabulala okungenani abantu abayizigidi ezingama-25.6 I-Europe ephakathi
Lapho-ke ukufa okumnyama noma isifo esikhulu safika. Wavuka eChina ngo-1334 futhi, njengoPlaga Justinian, wasakazeka eYurophu emidlalweni yezohwebo. Izifo akukho lutho olungavimba, kwathi ngo-1348 wachitha iYurophu, ngemuva kokuthi "i-oblique" yadlula eMbusweni weByzantine. Lesi sifo sasinonya futhi sangenakuphelelwa yisikhathi ngaleso sikhathi sacekela phansi ngamaphesenti angama-60 abantu bonke baseYurophu. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokuqinile ukuthuthukiswa kweYurophu, ngoba abantu abangaphansi futhi bambalwa abathembele emithandazweni futhi baqala ukucabanga ngenqubekela phambili yesayensi. Isiko libuye lathola umfutho oqinile entuthukweni, futhi eminyakeni elandelayo ingxenye enkulu yobuciko obukhulu besikhathi sangezikhathi zakudala.
I-7 America.
Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela izifo eziwukubi ezifweni eMelika. U-Opa uvele okokuqala emakoloni aseFlorida, eCarolina naseVirginia ngo-1519 futhi wacekela phansi inani labantu bendawo ngemuva kokulethwa kulezi zinhlamvu zamakholoni aseYurophu. Ngo-1633, lesi sifo safika kuma-massachusetts. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya okubizwa ngokuthi okusha nokudala kususwe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye, abantu bomdabu baseMelika abanawo amagciwane e-Europe, njengamabele, isifo kanye negesi ikakhulukazi. U-Osap wayenonya ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kokukhanya okusha futhi wasatshalaliswa eCentral naseNingizimu Melika, wacishe wabhubhisa umbuso we-Aztec. Eminyakeni eyikhulu nje (isigamu sesikhathi sesifo sikaJustinian), wabhubhisa amaphesenti angama-90 abantu bama-Aztec, abantu bawo bancipha kusuka kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-17 kuye kwezigidi eziyi-1,3. Lezi zifo zabulala abantu abaningi kangangokuba ngo-1900 kuphela amaMelika omdabu angama-530,000 ahlala ephila. Lokhu kwenza izifo eziwumhlaba waseMelika phakathi kokubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.8 Chuma Yanamuhla
Lesi sifo esibizwa ngokuthi sesimanje savuka eChina ngabo-1860, futhi sasingomunye ubhubhane olujwayelekile olunesihluku, olungazwakala ngezincwadi zemilando. Wawa eHong Kong ngonyaka we-1894 futhi wadonswa eminye iminyaka engama-20, ngokuphila kwabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyishumi. Futhi, ubhubhane wasakazekela eNdiya. Kulokhu, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola imbangela yesifo - kwakuyinto edluliswa amagundane (imvamisa emikhunjini noma ekuhwebeni kwamakharavani). Ekugcineni abantu bafunda ukwelapha lesi sifo futhi bavimbela ngisho nokuqubuka kwesifo esizayo.
9 Poliomyelitis
Ukukhanya kwe-polio kwakumbi, futhi namhlanje kunabantu abakhona abawukhumbula lo bhubhane. I-Poliomyelitis ibangelwa i-polyovirus, ethinta kabi uhlelo lwezinzwa zomuntu, okwenza zonke izinhlobo zemiphumela eyethusayo, futhi zibulale abantu abaningi. Ikakhulu lesi sifo sashaya izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu. Ubhubhane lufinyelele ku-apo waboe e-United States ngo-1952, futhi odokotela bathuthe ngempumelelo noma iyiphi indlela yokwelapha izifo. Ngo-1933, amacala ayizinkulungwane ezingama-5 000 e-Pararytic Poliomyelitis abhaliswe e-United States, kwathi ngo-1952 le nombolo inyuke yaba ngu-59,000, mina.e. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kweshumi. Ekugcineni, i-poliomyelitis yakwazi ukuma lapho kwakhiwa imigoqo emibili ngokumelene nayo.
I-HIV 10
Kubukeka sengathi i-HIV ingubhubhane lokugcina olushaye umhlaba weplanethi (kunoma yikuphi, ngalesi sikhathi). Lesi sifo siphenduke sasaba maphakathi nawo-1980s. Emuva ngo-1981, izikhungo zokulawula izifo e-United States zaqala ukushicilela izinto zokwakha futhi zilandela leli gciwane elisakazwayo, elaliphethe izinkulungwane zezimpilo. Ngo-1986, i-CDC yamemezela ukuthi ngo-1985 angculazi yatholakala ngenani elikhulu labantu kunakuyo yonke iminyaka edlule ithathwe ndawonye. Kwakuwukusakazeka okusheshayo ngokushesha, ngisho nasesikhathini sobuchwepheshe bedijithali nomsakazo obanzi, wethelevishini namakhompyutha. Lesi sifo saqhubeka nokubhubhisa umhlaba phakathi kweminyaka yama-1990s kanye no-2000s. Kepha ubuntu balwa nalo mqambiso womhlaba wonke futhi bavusa izidakamizwa ezidayisa ama-antiretroviral nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa, okungenani ezingavimba ngisho naleli gciwane. Namuhla, imithi kanye nemijovo yokugomela "Inhlupheko yekhulu lama-20" isaqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa, futhi izigidigidi zamaRandi sezisetshenzisiwe kukho.