Julayi 17 Usuku lweGognapher. I-Science Ethnography enhle yinhle kulokho ukukhumbula ukufushane komuntu futhi ithambekele ekusunguleni ukuhlakanipha kweVedic kanye nemifula yobisi enamabhange avuthayo, kuye kuye ngamehlo akho abona okuncane okwedlule. I-Ethnography enesicoco esinomusa ngokucophelela iyasibonisa futhi isitshela ukuthi abantu ngokwezifiso baphila kanjani futhi baphila kanjani, ngaphandle kokunikeza ubuntu ukunamathela ekukhohlisweni okumnandi mayelana nokuya phambili kwegolide.
Namuhla sinqume ukukhumbula lezi zigaxu ezinhlanu futhi zibalulekile kwisayensi ye-ethnography yabesifazane (kahle, namuhla kungenzeka ngesihloko!)
U-Olga Petrovna Semenova-Tian-Shanskaya
Isihambi esidumile saseRussia kanye ne-geographer peter Petrovich uMenova Tyan-Shansky wayenendodana emine eyayiyinkimbinkimbi. Kepha ekuqaleni (ngokungaphelele kwamashumi amane okugula), akekho owaziyo ukufa kwendodakazi yakhe ukuthi uzongena futhi emlandweni wesayensi.U-Olga Petrovna waphila impilo yentombi yakudala futhi wayenokuzilibazisa okungajwayelekile kakhulu. Wajikeleza amadolobhana aseRussia futhi wahola idayari yokuqashelwa, echaza impilo, amasiko, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabaphikisi baseRussia ngokucophelela nangokuhlangene, exhunyaniswe nayo yonke into encane.
Lokhu okuhlukile, okufakiwe okubalulekile kwatholakala futhi kwanyatheliswa abangane bakhe, futhi ilungelo lika-Olga Ga Petrovna lathola inkazimulo yakhe yomlando njengomcwaningi kanye nemvelaphi ye-ethnography yaseRussia.
U-Alice Fletcher
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuthandwa okumangalisayo komsebenzi wentokazi egama lingu-Alice Fletcher kwakumangalisa. Ngokuvamile, ukungena kwabesifazane ku-ethnographigraphy kukhiqize isigcawu sesayensi, okubonisa ukuthi kufihlwe kangakanani emcwaningisisweni wamehlo - umuntu: amasiko namasiko ahambisana nokuzalwa nokukhulisa izingane, impilo yezocansi, impilo yabesifazane, ukufa, ukupheka ... Singasho lokho ngaphambi kokuxhumana nabesifazane bezizwe ezahlukene (kaningi ngamadoda akwamanye amazwe), impilo yabo yonke yansuku zonke ihlala ingabonakali kumcwaningi waseYurophu.
U-Alice uhambe ezinye izingxoxo nabamele izizwe zaseNdiya (kwakunguye wafunda), kwaphela iminyaka eminingi wangena emvelweni wawo kuze kube yilapho ulandela imikhuba yabo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kanti uSiou wayehlala phakathi kwabamele isizwe sikaSiu. UFletcher uthathwa njengomcwaningi wokuqala owakwazi ukuchitha imali ejulile futhi ende.
UMargaret madwa.
Owesifazane osemusha waseMelika waba odumile kulezi zimbili, washicilela isifundo sezimilo zasePolynesia, ekhombisa, eqinisweni, isikhundla somphathi wakhe uFranz Cheas. Ngokombono wakhe, ukungqubuzana kwentsha eYurophu naseMelika kwakuhlotshaniswa nokukhungatheka kocansi, imikhawulo kubantu abasha empilweni yocansi. Ngokombono woMnyango Wezangaphandle nge-Samoa (amafushane futhi e-metering), phakathi kwamaPolynesia, kwakungekho ukunqatshelwa okunjalo phakathi kwezizukulwane zasePolynesia futhi, ngenxa yezingxabano zezizukulwane, kwakungekho.Izifundo zalo zaphikiswa eminyakeni eyishumi nambili, kepha nokho uMnyango wakwelinye izwe wakwazi ukufaka isandla e-ethnopsychology, yize anamathele emphakathini jikelele. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwabo olwengeziwe, yabeka izinkomba ezintathu zokudluliswa kolwazi phakathi kwezizukulwane: kusuka kwabadala kuya kwabancane, kusukela kwabancane kuya kwabadala futhi, ekugcineni, phakathi kontanga.
Kunzima ukucabanga, kepha ngaphambi kokuthi kumayelana nokuthi izinkomba ezintathu, n ezingazange zicabange, futhi uma ukudluliswa kolwazi kungaqhamuki kwabadala, bese kuthi uhlobo lokuhlanekezela nokukhishwa okuvela ku umthetho.
URuth Benedict.
Omunye wabafundisi benkonzo yakwelinye izwe, uRuthe Benedict, i-ethnography engokoqobo ne-anthropology.
Okokuqala, kwakunguye owathuthukisa futhi wethule indlela yesayensi yokufunda isiko ebangeni elisemacaleni lapho ungakwazi ukugxila kukho kuwo (izazi-mlando zikusize kakhulu).
Okwesibili, wafunda isikhathi eside kunamasiko endabuko ahlukile komunye, owenza ngamunye wabo ahlukane, hhayi ngokuhlukahluka, futhi athuthukise umqondo we-ethos, induku yesiko elenza ihluke ngazo zonke izimfanelo ezifana nezo zonke izimfanelo ezifana nomakhelwane amasiko noma abolekwe kwezinye izimpucuko.
Inga Andronikov
AmaGypsies, esinye sezizwe ezihlakazekile futhi ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu, zide futhi zihlale zinesithakazelo, kodwa wayekude kakhulu nesayensi ngokwesayensi. Bebefuna ukuqagela kwezinhlobo zabo zothando nezimfihlakalo noma, kunalokho, ukwesaba kwabo. Kuze kube muva nje, i-Tsygov yayikhona, naphezu kokwanda kwabantu uqobo, indlela egula kakhulu e-ethnography.
Olunye ucwaningo oluvelele lwempilo, lukholelwa futhi lungajwayelekile i-Oral Folklore Roma (ikakhulukazi, amaRussia) kwakuyintombazane yaseSoviet Inga Andronikov. Ubesemindenini yamaGypsy, wakwazi ukubamba ama-omads ekugqokeni kwakhe futhi ashiye amarekhodi amaningi ngedivaysi yokuphila yokungenisa ngaphambi kokuba imemori yakhe ibisenyamalale cishe ngokuphelele.
Ngeshwa, amarekhodi alo atholakala futhi ahlelwe kamuva kakhulu kunokufa kwakhe. Baphike izinganekwane eziningi ezithandwayo ezizungeze impilo yempilo kanye nomphakathi wabantu bakwaGypsy futhi babhala imininingwane engashiya unomphela.
Umzekeliso: pixabay.com.