Namuhla, noma yimuphi umama angaya esitolo sendawo athenge ibhodlela lokudla kwengane, esikhundleni sokuncelisa ingane yakhe. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona izinketho ezimbili kuphela zokondla ingane ngokomlando: noma ukuncelisa ibele noma ukuqasha i-nanny-feed. Imvamisa, kwakuwumphakathi oxazulula abazali 'ngenxa yabo engcono,' selokhu kube nezinkolelo zokuthi kufanele ukondle izingane kaninginingi eminyakeni eyinkulungwane.
Isici esikhulu sasikhangisa, kanye nokuphepha kokukhethwa okukodwa noma okunye ukukhetha kokudla kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Sinikeza izibonelo zendlela abantu bondla ngayo izingane zabo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule.
1 Kikormilitsa
Ukusetshenziswa kwempande kwakuyinto ejwayelekile ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukondla le ngxube noma ngebhodlela. Kuqale ngo-2000 BC futhi kwaqhubeka kuze kube yikhulu lama-20. Ngesikhathi sonke, isinqumo sokuthi umama uzosetshenziswa noma cha, akazange asetshenziswe kuphela ngokukhetha okwaziyo, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi isidingo sebhanali - abanye omama babengenazo ezinye izindlela, ngoba bobabili babengakhiqizi ngobisi. Izinsizakalo zeKormilitsa zaziwumsebenzi othandwayo - izinkontileka zasayinwa kanti ama-Crumbles athole amalayisense. Ukwethulwa kwebhodlela lokondla ngekhulu le-XIX njengenye indlela yasiza ukuqeda umkhuba weCormilitz. Kwa-Israyeli cishe ngo-2000 BC Ukuncelisa izingane kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso, futhi lo mthetho wawuthathwa njengomkhosi wenkolo. Endabeni yasendulo yezokwelapha yaseGibhithe "iPapirus Evers" yanikezwa lelo thulu, elingenalo i-lactation: Kwakudingeka 'ukufudumeza amathambo enkombeni yenkemba' bese uwahlikihla emuva kukamama. Ngenye indlela, wayekwazi ukuhlala emilenzeni ewele futhi kukhona isinkwa, "othosiwe esihlahleni" (uhlobo lwamabele), ngasikhathi sinye esihlikihla isifuba se-mac.
2 I-Antical Antimity
Uma owesifazane eGrisi ecishe abe ngu-950 BC. Wayehlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, wayeqashile okuphakelayo ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuqunjelwa kwakufunwa kangangokuba babenamandla amakhulu phezu kwezindlu zakhe. IBhayibheli libhekisela ezibonelweni eziningana ze-Kormilitz. Mhlawumbe owayedume kakhulu kubo kwakunguye ma-cormalist, intombi kaFaro ayaqashwa ukuba ancelise uMose, owatholakala emhlangani. EMbusweni WaseRoma kusuka ku-300 BC Kuze kube ngu-400 g. Baqashe amabhomu ukunakekela izingane ezilahliwe (imvamisa ngemuva kwamantombazane) abathengile abacebile njengezigqila zesikhathi esizayo. Izingane ezinjalo zaphawula iminyaka emithathu.
3 Iminyaka Ephakathi
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, izeluleko zokuthi amaCormidi kufanele aziphathe kanjani, anyatheliswa yi-Francis Monk yekhulu le-XIII ngegama leBartholomeW English. Uncome ama-feeders ukuthi aphathe njengomama: "Ukukhulisa ingane lapho ewa, anikeze ingane ingane, lapho ekhala ... geza futhi uhlanze ingane lapho iya ethoyilethi." NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ubuntwana baqala ukubonwa njengesikhathi esikhethekile, futhi ubisi lwebele lwaluthathwa njengemilingo. Nakulokhu futhi, omama batuswa ukondla izingane zabo ubisi lwebele (futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakubhekwa njengesikweletu sabo esingcwele), ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ubisi lwebele lungadlulisela izici zengqondo nezomzimba enganeni. Esikhathini semvuselelo, lesi simo sengqondo komama abaphakamisa izingane zabo sigcinwe ngoba abesifazane besaba ukuthi izingane zingaba ngumuntu odla umhlengikazi.
4 Ake sithi "cha" obomvu
Ngo-1612, udokotela ohlinzayo waseFrance kanye nodokotela waseFrance uJacques Giomo wathi emsebenzini wakhe "Ukunakekela izingane", okungafanele zisetshenziswe ngezinwele ezibomvu, ngoba ubisi lwabo lwebele lungadlulisa izinhlamvu zazo ezivuthayo. " Ngokusho kwakhe, ama-nannies kufanele abe "athambile, amnene, anenhlonipho, abekezele, acwengekile, futhi akunakuba nobutha, futhi akunakuba nobutha, futhi akunakuba nobutha, futhi akunakuba nezikhulumi.
Amakhulu ama-5 alandelayo
Kusuka kukhulu le-XVII ngekhulu le-XIX, isiko lokuncelisa ibele ngosizo lwe- "Abesifazane abaqashiwe" baqhubeka, ngoba ukwazi, kanye nabantu abacebile nje babheka ukuncelisa izingane zabo ukuba zibe cishe nakancane futhi besaba ukuthi bazophanga isibalo. Izingubo zalesosikhathi, konke lokho akuzange kuvumelane nokuncelisa ibele, ngoba kwakunzima ngisho nokuhamba kuzo. Ngisho nabamele izigaba eziphansi, ezinjengezimkhosi, abameli nabathengisi, abaqashile uNyanyan-Kormilitz, njengoba bekushibhile kunokuqasha umuntu ukuthi agcine umyeni wakhe noma agcine indlu. Esikhathini esizayo izimboni, imindeni eminingi yasuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya yaya emadolobheni, lapho abesifazane babevame ukusebenzela khona ama-cormalists. Kuvele izinkinga ezithile. Isibonelo, e "Medine Medicine", uWilliam Bucos (1779) ukhombisa ukungathembeki okusobala kwama-ama-cormeli, avame ukusebenzisa imali epholisayo esekelwe opitsites ukuze izingane zithule. "
6 Amabhodlela okuqala
Ku-XIX, izikhungo zaqala ukufa, ngoba ukuthandwa kwatholwa isilwane sobisi nokondla ebhodleleni. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela okuzalela athandwa ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi imikhumbi yatholwa yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane zeminyaka. AmaGreek Terracotta "feeders" 450 BC. Isetshenziselwa ukondla izingane ngenhlanganisela yewayini noju. Imikhumbi eminingi yayo etholakele yahlolwa kanti iminwe yemikhiqizo yobisi yatholakala kuzo, ngakho-ke abavubukuli bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ubisi lwezilwane noma ezinye izinto zasetshenziselwa ukondla izingane eminyakeni yamatshe. Izinkinga ezivela emabhodleleni okuhlanza zibhalwe ezincwadini zezikhathi zeRoma, ubudala eziphakathi nendawo neRenaissance. Inguquko yezimboni yaba nomthelela eqinisweni lokuthi amabhodlela ahlanzeka futhi aphephile ukondla ingane.
7 amabhodwe abunjiwe nezingane zezingane - "izikebhe"
Ngaphambi kokuthi kuthuthukiswe isitayela sanamuhla samabhodlela ezingane, ngazama izinketho eziningi. Ezinye zazo zazenziwe ngama-ceramics noma ngokhuni, kepha uhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwedivaysi yokudla yenziwe ngophondo lwenkomo olukhiqizwe endimeni yobisi. Ngawo-1700s, okuthandwayo kwanikezwa izitsha ze-tin ne zesiliva, ethandwa kakhulu yilokho okwakuyithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi yi- "Potter elididiyelwe", elisungulwe ngudokotela waseLondon ogama lakhe linguHungy Smith. Ngeshwa, ukukhishwa kwebhodwe elinjalo, elifana ne-kettle, cishe bekungeke kuhlanzeke futhi kuvame ukuholela ekuthelelekeni nasemiphumeleni ebulalayo. Ama-Rowels Wezingane ngesikebhe esisetshenziselwa ukondla ngesinkwa, afakwe emanzini noma ubisi, noma amaflake emhluzi. Izingane ze-Duffening zanikwa ukudla okuqinisa okufanayo, kodwa ngoba imikhumbi yayinzima kakhulu ukuyihlanza, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezingane yafa ngonyaka wokuqala wokutheleleka.
Amabhodlela ayi-8 ekhulu le-XIX
Kwethulwa amabhodlela eglasini ekondla maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, kanti amanye awo ayeyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, eshaywa ngesimo sezigaxa noma amathanga. Kancane kancane, bangena esikhundleni semikhumbi yama-porcelain ukondla, okwakukhona ngaphambili. Imikhiqizo eminingi emisha yabizwa ngokuthi "Amabhodlela - Killer", ngoba baba uhlobo lwezitsha ze-petri zokuzalela amagciwane (izintambo ezihlanziwe namashubhu enjoloba kwakunzima kakhulu). Kokunye, kwasungulwa amabele okufakelwa, umama angagcwalisa ngobisi futhi agqoke kuye ukuze ubisi lwalufudumele ekushiseni komzimba. Ngo-1863, umsunguli ogama lakhe nguMathewu Tomlinson wakha "ibhodlela elimiswe ngopeni lengilazi enemibala elibizwa nge-" Cottage ", athengisa ngalo ukuthi lalivumelaniswa kahle ukondla ingane nendoda.
9 amafomula okuqala
Kumasiko wanamuhla, ukuncelisa ibele kubhekwa njengoMthombo wamandla omuhle kakhulu wezingane, kepha lapho kwasungulwa izingxube, ukukhangisa kukhuphule inzalo yomphakathi kweminye imithombo yobisi. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nekhulu le-XIX, ubisi lwezilwane luye lwaba luthandeke futhi futhi lwengezwe ezingxube zesinkwa lapho ingane igula. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezilwane nobisi lwabantu kwafundwa ngekhulu le-XVIII, kuya ngokuthi yisiphi isilwane esasitholakala emphakathini, ngokwesibonelo, amahhashi, izingulube, amakamela, izimbongolo nezimbuzi. Ubisi lwenkomo luphelele lube luthandeke. Ngo-1865, ukwakheka okulungile "kwakhiwa ubisi lwengane, ukulingisa okuqukethwe ubisi lwebele. Ibizwe yifomula yeLiblIX, yayiqukethe ubisi lwenkomo, i-malt ne-kakolweni kafulawa nge-potassium carbonassium.
Ukuthuthuka okungu-10 nokuphepha okwandisiwe
Ekupheleni kuka-1883, izinhlobo ezingama-27 ezinelungelo lobunikazi zefomula yokudla yengane ngaphansi kwalotshwe ku-Libed Brand, kepha eziningi zazo zazinganele ukusuka endaweni yokubukwa kokudla, kanye noshukela ukukhulisa ikhalori. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi oluphathelene nokucebisa ngamavithamini luvumela izingoma zokusebenza kahle. Kepha ukudla bekudumile ehlobo, lapho ubisi luchithwe, ngakho-ke ukushona kwezinsana kukhule. Lesi simo senze ngcono kuphela ngemuva kokutholwa kwethiyori yama-microbes phakathi kuka-1890 no-1910. Njengoba ubumsulwa bamabhodlela sebuthuthukile, kanti izingono zenjoloba sezishibhile ngokwengeziwe, kuncishiswe ukushona kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhaza elikhulu lalidlalwa ngokuvela ekwandeni kweziqandisi, lapho ubisi lungagcinwa ngalo ngokuphepha ukuze lusetshenziswe okunye.