Udonga lweBerlin lwalungesinye sezimpawu zempi ebandayo. E-East Germany, wabizwa ngokuthi "die anti-faschististischer schutzwall" ("odongeni oluvikela amaFascist"). Ngokusho kwabamele i-USSR ne-GDR, kwadingeka lolu donga ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinhloli zaseNtshonalanga ku-East Berlin, nokuthi izakhamizi zaseNtshonalanga Berlin zingayi e-East Berlin izimpahla ezishibhile ezazithengiswa ngoxhaso lukahulumeni.
ENtshonalanga Jalimane, bakhuluma ngalolu donga njengomzamo weSoviet Union ukumisa ukufuduka kwabantu base-Eastern Berliners kuWest Berlin. Ngakho-ke, namuhla, bambalwa abantu abaziyo ngodonga lwezimpawu.1. Akazange abelane nge-Eastern naseNtshonalanga Jalimane
Phakathi kwabantu kukhona umbono ongemuhle ojwayelekile wokuthi udonga lwaseBerlin lwabelane ngempumalanga nentshonalanga yeJalimane. Lokhu kugxile ngokungalungile. Udonga lweBerlin luhlukaniswe i-Western Berlin kuphela ukusuka e-East Berlin kanye ne-East Germany (eWestern Berlin kwakuseMpumalanga Jalimane). Ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-Western Berlin eyayinjalo kanjani e-East Germany, okokuqala kudingeka iqonde ukuthi iJalimane lahlukaniswa kanjani ngemuva kwempi. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ama-Allies avumile ukuhlukanisa iJalimane abe yizindawo ezine zethonya: I-United States, iGreat Britain, iSoviet Union kanye neFrance.
I-Berlin efanayo (eyayisendaweni elawulwa yiSoviet Union) nayo yahlukaniswa yaba yimikhakha emine isakaze phakathi kwabalingani. Kamuva, ukungaboni ngaso linye neSoviet Union kwaholela eqinisweni lelo ahlangene, i-United Kingdom neFrance bahlangana nezindawo zabo, bakha iWest Germany naseNtshonalanga Brlin, ne-East Germany naseMpumalanga ne-Berlin kwasala eSoviet Union.
Ubude bomngcele wangaphakathi phakathi kweWestern And East Germany kwakungamakhilomitha angaphezu kwe-1,300, okuphindwe kasishiyagalombili ubude bodonga lwaseBerlin (amakhilomitha angama-154). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhilomitha angama-43 kuphela odonga lwaseBerlin empeleni ahlukaniswe nge-East Berlin evela eWest Berlin. Iningi lodonga oluhlukaniswe entshonalanga berlin kusuka kwa-East Germany.
2. Eqinisweni, kwakukhona izindonga ezimbili
Namuhla, bambalwa abantu abakhumbulayo ukuthi udonga lweBerlin lwalungeyona udonga olulodwa, kodwa izindonga ezimbili ezihambisanayo ezitholakala kude namamitha ayi-100 komunye nomunye. Kodwa-ke, lowo wonke umuntu ubheka uBerlin, wayeseduze ne-East Berlin. Umsebenzi ekwakhiweni kodonga lokuqala waqala ngo-Agasti 13, 1961, futhi waqala ukwakha udonga lwesibili ngonyaka.
Phakathi kwezindonga ezimbili kwakungukuthiwa "strip of ukufa", lapho umuntu ongena ngaphakathi angadubula khona ngokushesha. Izakhiwo ngaphakathi "strip zokufa" zacekelwa phansi, futhi yonke indawo yahlanganiswa kahle futhi yalala ngamatshe amancane ukukhomba iminonjana yanoma yibaphi amaFugitives. Futhi ezinhlangothini zombili ze-strip ngemuva kwezikhawu ezithile, kufakwe ama-spotlights ukuvikela ukuphunyula ebusuku.
3. Isonto elami phakathi kwezindonga ezimbili
Ngaphakathi "strip of lifa", abaphathi baseMpumalanga Jalimane nabaseSoviet babhubhisa zonke izakhiwo, ngaphandle kwale nhlobo ebizwa ngokuthi yiSonto Lokubuyisana. Amalungu esonto awakwazanga ukungena kulo, njengoba isonto lalisendaweni esenqatshelwe. Indaba ehambisana naleli bandla iyathakazelisa impela. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kweBerlin, indawo ezungeze isonto yawa ngqo emngceleni ophakathi kwama-French kanye nemikhakha yeSoviet. Isonto ngokwalo lalisemkhakheni waseSoviet, futhi amalungu esonto lakhe ahlala emkhakheni waseFrance. Lapho bezakhela udonga lweBerlin, wahlukanisa isonto emhlambini. Futhi lapho udonga lwesibili seluphothuliwe, amalungu esonto ambalwa asele ahlala emkhakheni waseSoviet nawo avale ukufinyelela ethempelini.
EWest Berlin, isonto elahliwe lakhushulwa njengophawu lokucindezelwa kweSoviet Union bama-Berliners aseMpumalanga kanye namaJalimane asempumalanga. Isonto uqobo lwalo maduze laba yinkinga emaphoyiseni aseMpumalanga Jalimane, ngoba kwakudingeka ukuthi uhambe njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngoJanuwari 22, 1985, kwathathwa isinqumo sokudiliza ngokuthi "ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, uku-oda nobumsulwa."
4. Udonga lwamthonya kanjani esitimeleni
Yize udonga lweBerlin lwalugcwele, wathinta kuMetro eBerlin. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kweBerlin, isiteshi seMetro ezinhlangothini zombili sadlula ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweNtshonalanga ne-USSR. Ngokushesha kwaba yinkinga, ngoba izitimela zidlula phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili eWest Berlin, kwesinye isikhathi kwakudingeka kudlule eziteshini eziseduzane ne-Eastern Berlin. Ukugwema amahlumela nokuxuba phakathi kwezakhamizi zawo womabili amaqembu, ama-berliner asempumalanga avinjelwe ukungena eziteshini lapho izitimela zaseNtshonalanga zidlula khona. Lezi ziteshi zavalwa uphawu, zizungezwe ngocingo oluvinjelwe kanye ne-alamu. Izitimela ezivela eWestern Berlin nazo azizange zime eziteshini "zaseMpumalanga". Isiteshi kuphela e-East Berlin, lapho beyeka khona, kwakunguFriedrichstras, okuhloswe ngawo ama-berliner aseNtshonalanga abheke e-East Berlin. UWest Berlin wabona ubukhona bendawo engaphansi komhlaba e-East Berlin, kodwa kumamephu lezi ziteshi azibhalwa njenge- "iziteshi lapho iziteshi zingayeki". E-East Germany, lezi ziteshi zisuswe ngokuphelele kuwo wonke amamephu.5. "I-Berlin Wall" encane ehlukaniswe idolobhana
Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa kweJalimane, ukuceba iTannbach, egeleza edolobhaneni laseMöndlaroit, etholakala emngceleni weBavaria yanamuhla neToviria, kwasetshenziswa umngcele phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulwa zaseMelika naseSoviet Union. Ekuqaleni, abantu bendawo bebengaqondi ukuthi ingxenye ye-Möldlaroit iseJalimane, kanti enye ku-GDR, njengoba bekwazi ukuwela umngcele ngokukhululekile ukuhambela amalungu omndeni kwelinye izwe. Uthango lwamapulangwe, lwakhiwe ngo-1952, ngokwengxenye lukhawulelwe le nkululeko. Kwathi ngo-1966, le nkululeko yayinqunyelwe kakhulu lapho uthango lwathathelwa indawo ngamapuleti kasimende ngokuphakama kwamamitha amathathu - okufanayo okwakusetshenziselwa ukwahlukaniswa kweBerlin. Udonga aluzange luvumele izakhamizi zasemakhaya ukuba zihambe phakathi kwamazwe amabili, empeleni zihlukanisa umndeni. ENtshonalanga, lo muzi wabizwa ngokuthi "Little Berlin". Kodwa-ke, usizi lwabahlali basemakhaya aluphelanga odongeni. Iziphathimandla zika-Eastern Germany nazo zengeze izithiyo zikagesi, ngemuva kwalokho kwaba nzima ukuzishiya ngisho nasemzaneni. Ingxenye yodonga isakufanele, iphelele ngemibhoshongo eminingana ye-watchdog kanye nokuthunyelwe. Futhi idolobhana uqobo lihlala lihlukaniswe phakathi kwamazwe amabili wobumbano.
6. I-graffiti edumile yomongameli bokuqabula
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, udonga lweBerlin lwaluqukethe izindonga ezimbili ezifanayo. Kusukela ohlangothini lwe-Western Berlin, ngokushesha kwakhe ngemuva kokuqala ukwakha i-graffiti ehlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ohlangothini lwaseMpumalanga Berlin, udonga lwaqhubeka nokugcina ubumsulwa bantombi, ngoba amaJalimane asempumalanga ayenqatshelwe ukusondela kuye. Ngemuva kokuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin ngo-1989, abaculi abaningana banquma ukupenda ingxenye esempumalanga yodonga lwe-berlin lwe-graffiti. Eminye yemisebenzi edume kakhulu ibonisa umholi weSoviet Union kaLeonid Brezhnev, okhiphe ngokuqabula okujulile ngekhanda langaphambili lase-Eastern Germany Erich Honekker. I-Graffiti ibizwa ngokuthi "ukwanga kokufa" futhi yabhalwa ngumdwebi ovela eSoviet Union nguDmitry Vrubebel. I-Graffiti yaqala kabusha indawo yango-1979, lapho bobabili abaholi beqabulana khona ukugujwa kwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-30 e-East Germany. Lokhu "kwanga kwangaphambi kobusha" empeleni kwakuyinto evamile ejwayelekile phakathi kwama-specials aphezulu wezifunda zamaKhomanisi.7. Izinja ezingaphezu kuka-6000 ezihanjiswa ngokufa
"Umucu wokufa" - isikhala phakathi kwezindonga ezimbili ezihambelana nodonga lweBerlin - lwabizwa kanjalo-ke. Kugadwe ngokucophelela, kufaka phakathi izinkulungwane zezilwane ezinolaka, okubizwa ngokuthi "izinja zodonga". Abelusi baseJalimane babevame ukusetshenziswa, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zatholakala nazo zingatholakala, njengabafana be-rottweilelers nezinja. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinja ezingakanani. Kwamanye ama-akhawunti, isibalo sabantu abangu-6,000 sikhulunywa ngabo, kanti abanye bathi babefika ku-10,000. Kuyaqaphela ukuthi izinja azizange zizulazule ngokukhululeka yi-Defense strip. Esikhundleni salokho, isilwane ngasinye sasiboshelwe eqoqweni elinamamitha ayi-5 linamathiselwe kwikhebula lamamitha ayi-100, elivumela inja ukuba ihambe ifana nodonga. Ngemuva kokuwa kodonga lwalezi zinja, babefuna ukuwahambisa emindenini empumalanga yeJalimane nasentshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, amaJalimane asentshonalanga ayengabaza ukuthola izilwane ezinjalo, ngoba abezindaba bakhuthazwa "izinja zodonga" njengezilwane eziyingozi ezingaklebhula umuntu abe yizicucu.
8. UMargaret Thatcher noFrancois Mitteran babefuna udonga ukuthi bahlale
Kuqala, uNdunankulu waseBrithani uMargaret Thatcher kanye noMongameli waseFrance uFrancois Mitteran akazange asekele ukubhujiswa kodonga lweBerlin kanye nokubuyiselwa kweJalimane. Lapho izingxoxo ezenziwa ukuhlangana kabusha ezingeni eliphakeme, wathi: "Sahlula amaJalimane kabili, manje sebebuye futhi." UThecher wenza konke okusemandleni ukumisa inqubo futhi waze wazama nokuthonya uhulumeni wase-UK (okwakungahambisani naye.) Lapho i-Thatcher ibona ukuthi i-Germany yaphinde yamenyezelwa ngemuva kwesikhathi sokushintsha iminyaka emihlanu, hhayi khona lapho. UMittera waphazanyiswa ngabantu abize ngokuthi "amaJalimane amabi". Ubuye wesaba nokuthi ukuhlangana kwalo hlobo kwakuzoba nethonya kakhulu eYurophu, ngisho nangaphezu komoya we-Adolf. Lapho uMitternan eqaphela ukuthi ukuphikiswa kwakhe ngeke kuyeke ukuhlangana kabusha, washintsha isikhundla sakhe waqala ukumsekela. Noma kunjalo, uMitteran wanamathela ngombono wokuthi iJalimane ingabhekwa kuphela emcimbini wokuthi iyingxenye yeNyunyana yamazwe aseYurophu, eyaziwa namhlanje njenge-European Union.9. muva nje kwatholakala ingxenye ekhohliwe yodonga
Iningi lodonga lweBerlin lwadilizwa ngo-1989. Izingxenye ezisele ezishiywe ngokuqondile yizinhlamvu zokuhlukaniswa kweJalimane. Kodwa-ke, enye ingxenye yodonga yayikhohliwe kwaze kwavulwa kabusha ngo-2018. Isazi-mlando esingumKristu uBorman sishiwo ebukhoneni bomkhakha wamamitha angama-80 odongeni eSchonholz (abaseBerlin '' abaseBerlin '). Kubhulogi, enyatheliswa ngoJanuwari 22, 2018, uBorman, utshele ukuthi empeleni wayithola le ngxenye yodonga ngo-1999, kodwa wanquma ukuyigcina iyimfihlo. Manje wembula ukuba khona kwayo ngenxa yokukhathazeka odongeni olungahlelekile futhi kungawa. Isigaba esifihliwe sodonga sisehlahleni phakathi kwamathrekhi wesitimela kanye namathuna.
10. Usahlanganyela eJalimane namuhla
Ukuhlukaniswa kweJalimane noBerlin kwakungekhona nje ekwakhiweni kodonga. Kwakuwumbono, futhi imiphumela yako isazwakala nanamuhla. Okokuqala, entshonalanga neJalimane kwakungu-capitalist, futhi i-East Germany yayingumKhomanisi. Lokhu ngokwako kwathinta izinqubomgomo zezwe ngalinye. I-East Berlin evela e-West Berlin ingahlukaniswa ngisho nasezithombeni kusuka esikhaleni esenziwe yi-Astronaut Andre Kyupers esiteshini samazwe omhlaba ngo-2012. Kubonakala kahle yi-east berlin yangaphambili enokhanyisayo ophuzi kanye ne-berlin yangaphambili yasentshonalanga ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani. Umehluko obukhali waba umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalambu asemgwaqweni asetshenziswa kuwo womabili la mazwe (ukukhanya eNtshonalanga Jalimane kunobungani bemvelo kakhulu kunaseMpumalanga EGermany). Namuhla e-East Germany, iholo elijwayelekile liphansi kunaseNtshonalanga Jalimane. Njengoba amafektri amaningi e-East Germany ayikwazi ukuncintisana nabazati lwabo basentshonalanga ngemuva kokubuya, bavale nje. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni eNtshonalanga Jalimane ezimbonini eziningi kwaphoqelelwa ukwandisa amaholo ukuheha abasebenzi abanethalente. Umphumela walokhu ukuthi abantu abafuna ukusebenza empumalanga yezwe, bakhetha ukuthuthela entshonalanga ukuze bayithole lapho. Yize kuholele ekunciphiseni kwemisebenzi e-East Germany, kudale futhi "ukuvuza kobuchopho". Uma ukhuluma ngohlangothi oluhle, i-East Germany ikhiqiza udoti omncane kune-West Germany. Kungumphumela wezinsuku zobuKhomanisi, lapho amaJalimane aseMpumalanga athengwa kuphela ukuthi babedingekile impela, uma kuqhathaniswa namaJalimane asentshonalanga, ababengekho emthethweni. E-East Germany, kungcono futhi ukunakekela izingane kuneNtshonalanga Jalimane. AmaJalimane aseMpumalanga nawo anamapulazi amakhulu.