Rhoqo, papyrus, amatye kunye neenkuni ziqukethe ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwaye unike izazinzulu kwi-Fistassies emalunga namakhulu kunye neMilleni eyadlulayo. Ababhali abangaqhelekanga okanye imisebenzi engaziwayo yobuntu obudumileyo yi "Ausberg Pop", kwaye intetho namhlanje iya kuhamba.
1. Amayeza amandulo eJiphutha
Kwikomkhulu laseDenmark, iCopenhagen yingqokelela eyahlukileyo yemibhalo-ngqangi yase-Egypt. Ayizizo zonke ezo zinto zabethwa, kwaye ngo-2018 izazinzulu zidlulisele izicatshulwa zezonyango ezininzi. Kwavela ukuba le mibhalo yesandla yayikukuyisela ilayibrari yakudala kwitempile yaseTebtunis, eyayikho kude kube ngama-200 BC Kwaye kwasekwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ilayibrari edumileyo eAlexandria.Kwindlela enye, yaxelelwa malunga nezintso zabantu, kwaye le nto yaziphikisa ngokuqinisekileyo iinkolelo zezazinzulu ukuba amaJiphutha awazi ngemizimba. Omnye umbhalo ovela malunga ne-3500, ukubhalwa kukaYurophu akukabikho. Ichaze uvavanyo oluthile lokukhulelwa, oluye lwakhankanywa kamva njengeyeza laseJamani ngo-1699. Igxininisa impembelelo yeminyaka yobudala yase-Egypt, eyayihlala ilityalwe ngenxa yezicatshulwa ezinkulu zesiGrike kunye namaRoma. Kwingqokelela yeCopenhagen, kukho isebenza kwi-istrology, i-botany, njl.
2. Ukuqonda iGaleum ye-histerium
Kwixa elidlulileyo, oogqirha babekholelwa ukuba isibeleko somfazi 'sizula "kwaye ke sibangele ukukrokre. Apho "wabhadula", akazange achaze, kodwa omnye ugqirha waseRoma akazange ayixhase le mbono. Igama lakhe nguGalen (30-210 g. n.). Umsebenzi walo msebenzi usaziwayo waba lilitye lesizathu sokuba kamva iguqukele kunyango lwale mihla. Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyanwa kwakutsha nje kwabonisa ukuba iGalen yaphambana, kwaye kakhulu.
Konke kwaqala ngePapyrus eneminyaka engama-2000, ekungekho mntu unokufunda kangangeenkulungwane ezine. Isicatshulwa kumacala omabini oxwebhu sijongeka ngathi sisetyenziswe esipilini, "kwi-ASS kwangaphambili." Kuba le papyur ifihliwe kwiDyunivesithi yaseSwitzerland egciniweyo kangangeenkulungwane, izazinzulu zikwazile ukufumana uxwebhu olonakeleyo kuphela ngo-2018. Ileta ebuyisiweyo yayingeyongxaki.
Olu xwebhu lwalunamaphepha aliqela kunye kunye omnye komnye, kwaye le nto yenziwa gwenxa. Yajika yaba ngumsebenzi ongaziwayo eGadan, owachaza eyakhe isifo se-hysteria. Kwatywina ukuba unobangela wesifo kukungabikho kwesondo. IGalen icinga, ngenxa yoko, umfazi wayenokubandezeleka 'kwi-fissterical fuftical "okanye i-apnea.
3. I-RARED BORY BHAYIBHILE
Amandla engcwele engenakubalwa kunye neencwadi zazingekho kwiBhodi yeHeinrich VIII. Uninzi lweemonakalo lwaluvaliwe kwinkulungwane ye-XIV kwiBhodi yakhe kwinkulungwane ye-XID, enye yazo yayiyiCasterbral. Ngeli xesha lentlekele, ilayibrari enkulu kwiincwadi ezingama-30,000 zanyamalala. Ngo-2018, kwanokwenzeka ukuba ifumane enye yezi zinto zilahlekileyo - Ibhayibhile yamandulo. Ngexesha lokumkani uHeinrich watshabalalisa iimoniterries, le ncwadi yayineminyaka engama-300 ubudala.Emva kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, emva kokuba i-ligfield Bible "yanyikima" kwi-audition yeencwadi ezinqabileyo eLondon. Ukusebenzisa izibonelelo kunye neminikelo, i-canterbury catbured ithe yayithenga i-100,000 yeepawundi (malunga ne- $ 130,000). Ibhalwe kwisiLatin kwaye ihonjiswe kakuhle, le kuphela kweBhayibhile ekuqokeleleni imisebenzi yexesha lekati yekati yekatata kunye nenye yeencwadi ezingama-30 ezazikwithala leencwadi lasekuqaleni. Kunye neminye imisebenzi yakudala, i-Ligfield yeBhayibhile ngoku idweliswe kwiRejista ye-UNECO.
4. Uloyiko lokumkani
Inkosi yaseNgilani yakov ndifumene uloyiko olungaqhelekanga, ngenxa yoko kwabulawa amakhulu amakhulu abantu bakhe. Wayesoyika amagqwirha. Ngo-1606, inkosi yayiza kuza kwi "Knop" ukuya kwi "Knop" ukuya kwi-themator yakhe uSchville. Ngesi sihlandlo, i-saxivil ixhobise amagumbi amahle kwinqaba yendlu yakhe. Kwakungaziwa kangangeenkulungwane, kodwa unondyebo nabo nabo bakhathalela ukukhusela ukumkani wamagqwirha.
Ngo-2014, iisimboli ezifunyenweyo, zenzelwe ukunqanda amajiza ukuya kumagumbi asebukhosini. Babephantsi kweebhodi zebhodi, kwimiqadi kwaye bajikeleze indawo yomlilo (yayiyindawo yomlilo eyayithathwa njengeyona ndlela ithandayo amagqwirha ukuba angene kwindlu). Abalinganiswa bobabini basikwa kwaye batshiswa emthini, kwaye benzelwe ukhuseleko lweyona nkwenkwana yama-Afrika. Ukubamba imimoya emdaka, bekukho iilabhustents ezibizayo imigibe yeedemon.
Ubungqina bobukho boKing Arthur
Ubungqina bobukho bentendelezo yentendelezo ye-Arthur yafunyanwa eCornwall, kodwa kuphela amakholwa akholelwa kumlawuli wembali ivumelana nabo. Kwindawo eseleyo yeminyaka eli-1300 ubudala ingqina nantoni na.Ngo-2018, abakhuseli bendalo bafumana ilitye kwinqaba yeTintagel, ngokwesiko baqwalasele indawo awazalelwa kuyo uKumkani uArthur. Kangangeenkulungwane, le ndawo yavavanywa ngamawakawaka abantu ababefuna ukubonisa ubukho bakhe. Okokugqibela, kolunye lobukhulu beWindows eyi-0,61, bafumana iinkcukacha ezinomdla. Ewe, kwakungekho mbhalo "Arthur wayelapha", kodwa umntu ofundileyo wasikwa ngokucacileyo kwifestile.
Iileta ze-latin, abalinganiswa abangamaKristu, amagama amaRoma neCeltic babeqiniswe ngumntu oqhelene neVangeli ebhalwe ngesandla ngelo xesha. Ubuncinci, kubonise ukuba abantu ababehlala eTintagle babeyinkcubeko ephezulu, hayi abase-banbarival. Kungenzeka ukuba yayiyindawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini.
6. Ithala leencwadi elidala eJamani
Ngo-2018, abembi bezinto zakudala abavela eCologne baqala ukwandisa icawa yamaProtestanti endala. Xa ucoca intsimi, iqela lafumana amabhodlo phantsi kwalo. Elo xesha ayemangalisiyo, kuba le ndawo yayihlala ihleli ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000. AmaRoma asise isixeko saseColonia kumgaqo wama-50 wexesha le-50 lexesha lethu kwaye esenza iziko loorhulumente basekhaya nge-85 ixesha lethu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqeshwa kolu sakhiwo kwakungacacanga.
Ingcinga yokuqala yokuba iintlanganiso zoluntu zabanjwa kwisakhiwo zazibangelwa ludonga olungaqhelekanga. Nangona zazingazange zenziwe iindonga ezifanayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala kwiindawo zaseRoma, iindonga ezinjalo ezifumaneka e-Efese eTurkey, apho kwakukho ilayibrari eyaziwayo.
Ngesi sizathu, abembi bezinto zakudala bayakholelwa ukuba isiseko sesiseko sethala leencwadi elidala laseJamani. Yakhelwe kwinkulungwane yesibini, mhlawumbi yayilibali ezimbini kwaye libekwe kwi-20 x 9 yeemitha. Nje ukuba le ndawo igcinwe malunga ne-20,000 yamarokrithi kunye neepapile zepapile.
7. Inguqulelo yembali yebhayibhile
Kumashumi eminyaka, i-pipyrus ye-egypy ityalwe ngumntu wonke umntu okwiZiko loLondolozo lweMbali leMyuziyam yaseNew York. Ngo-2018, abaphandi baphinde bagqiba kwelokuba bajonge i-artificact. Yonke into eyaziwayo malunga nepapile kukuba ifunyenwe ngo-1934 phantsi kwepiramidi ye-Prouro Seiserta i. Olu xwebhu ngeminyaka eli-1500 alizange lithathelwe ingqalelo.Emva kwesifundo senyameko, kwavela ukuba isicatshulwa sabhalwa ngethuba lokuba ubuKristu beziqhela phambili eYiputa. I-papyrus iqulathe ipetroli yomlingo, abanye banqula uThixo. Kunomdla wokuba isibakala sokuba uThixo ebefuna 'abo bakhokelayo kumfuduki wombulala. " Nangona uPapius akazange akhankanye iTestamente eNtsha, abantu abaliqela abavela kwiBible yamaYuda babizwa ngegama. Ngesi sizathu, abaphandi baqwalasela isicatshulwa ngokwahluka kweziganeko ezichazwe kwincwadi yeGenesis, xa uThixo wayalela u-Abraham ukuba anikele unyana wakhe iMoria.
Incwadi yeGenesis ithi uThixo wakumisa ukusweleka kukaIsake, kodwa kwiPapyrus ibali lichaza iziganeko ngendlela ebekwe ngayo uIsake. Okubangela umdla kukuba, le asiyogama lokuqala legama elithi uAbraham wambulala unyana wakhe.
8. Iincwadi zesikolo eziyityhefu
Ngo-2018, iYunivesithi yaseDenmark yaseMazantsi igqibe kwelokuba ihlaziye ilayibrari yesikolo sakhe, kwaye ngokuchanekileyo iNcwadi yeRenaissance Epoch. Amantshontsho elo xesha athatyathwa njengeyona nto idlulileyo angabinantsingiselo kwaye awasebenzise ukubopha iincwadi ezintsha, kodwa zimela ixabiso elikhulu labazazinzulu. Ababhalisiweyo abathathu bakhethwa ekuqokeleleni kweencwadi ezinqabileyo. Ukufumana izigqubuthelo kwazo kwenziwa kumaxwebhu ahlaziyiweyo, nganye yazo yayivavanywa phantsi kwe-microscope ekhethekileyo ye-X-ray.
Ayinamsebenzi ukujonga iliso, kuba izigqubuthelo zemibhalo-ngqangi yepeyintiwe ngepeyinti eluhlaza. Umbono yayikukusebenzisa i-fluorescence yokufumana i-inki ezifihliweyo. Kwavela ukuba ipeyinti kwi-ultraviolet ivutha ngenxa yomxholo we-arsenic kuyo. Olu phawu luhlaza luyinto enkulu yexesha leVictorian. I-arsenic enkulu yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza umbala odumileyo obizwa ngokuba yiParis Green, eyayisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo.
Ngenxa yoko, ooVictorini banxibe iingubo zetyhefu, bethatyathwa isitampu seposi kunye ne-arsenic kwaye bahlala kwizindlu ezinetyhefu eluhlaza. Le toxin ebulalayo ayiphulukani namandla ayo axhela ngokuhamba kwexesha, musa ukungcamla kwaye awunuka. Enye into eyoyikisayo kukuba abafundi ababandakanyekayo kwezi ncwadi zintathu mhlawumbi bangenela i-Arsenic ngolusu.
9. Idayari ngasemva komgangatho
Xa i-Alpine ye-Alpine yaseFransi yakudala yalungiswa ngo-2018, isuswe emgangathweni kwigumbi elingaphezulu. Kuyamangalisa ukuba, kwicala elingasemva lomgangatho, bafumana idayari yeminyaka engama-38 ubudala uMartin kwilali yaseLe Mrot. Kwinqaku lama-72 ngepensile ye-1880 - 1881, uMartin wathetha kakhulu ngaye. Oku kwanika umbono onqabileyo wobomi belali yenkulungwane ye-Xix.Ukusebenza ekwakhiweni kwenqaba njengomchweli, uMartin, owayetshatile, wabhala malunga nomjambo umntu wasekhaya uhlala ezibophelela kuwo wonke umntu. Uye wabhala iMfihlo kaBulumko: UMartin wayesazi ukuba ubuntwana bomhlobo bakhe uBhenjamin wayenabantwana abathandathu kwinkosikazi yakhe, kwaye ukuba ezine zabulawa nguyise. UMartin wabhala ngaphandle, echaza izinto awayengenakuthetha ekuhleni, kuba wayesazi ukuba ngeli xesha umntu wayenokufumana iinkumbulo zakhe, ebeya kuba efile.
Emva kokuvula idayari "yedayari yaseplanga", abaphandi abaqeqeshelayo xa i-Iochim Martin (1842-1897) ukuba wayenabantwana abane, kwaye wadlala i-violin. Ileta awayibhalela ukucela ukuphinda umfundisi-ntsapho kamva.
10. Ubuqhetseba kunye nemilinganiselo yoLwandle Olufileyo
Kukho abathengi abanenzuzo kwintengiso yendanda yokuvela - ivangeli etyebileyo. Sele becungcutheka kangangeenkulungwane iziqwenga ezinqabileyo zokufa koLwandle Olufileyo. Le misongo inamacandelo eBhayibhile yamaYuda, eyiminyaka eyi-1000 ubudala kuneminye imithombo, ngoko kwabangeli basevangeli bakulungele ukuhlawula izigidi nokuba zincinci. Nangona kunjalo, abathengi abanesityebi abafanayo nabo batsalela ubuqhophololo.
Ngo-2017, iingcali zalumkisa ukuba uninzi lwamaqhekeza okusasazwa lunokwenzeka. Ngapha koko, bayoyika ukuba iipesenti ezingama-90 ezingama-75 ezihambayo ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kuthi ga ngoku ukusukela ngo-2002 ziimpawu. Eyona ngxaki inkulu, nangona kunjalo, ngabathengi. Uninzi lwazo luboniwe yimbono yokuba iziqwenga zamafutha abangavumiyo ukukholelwa kwinto elahlekileyo.