Ngapha koko, lonke ixesha lembali yoluntu yayiyinto efana nezamamela ngokusisigxina ukuze isindile kwaye ilungelelanise zonke izifo ezitsha, ihlala ibeka isoyikiso sobukho babantu njengohlobo. Ngalo lonke ixesha uza nendlela entsha yokulwa nezifo ezosulelayo, uPathogens utshintshe kwaye uguqukele, ukuba ahlengahlengiswe isixhobo esitsha 'kubo. Kwaye ke kwenzeka amawaka eminyaka. Khumbula isifo seshumi esibi kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu, eyayisongela impucuko yonke.
1. prehistoric cuma
Kukholelwa ukuba isibetho esikhulu, esenzeka malunga ne-100,000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha lePaleolithic, inciphise inani labantu, ngokukodwa, 'ukugoba "phantse bonke abantu abancinci. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba esi sifo sinciphise inani labemi baseAfrika babe ngabantu abangaphantsi kwe-10,000. Abaphandi bafika kwesi sigqibo, babalaselisa iintlobo ezimbini ezizodwa ezenza iinkawu ezingaphantsi zithathwa zizifo ezibi. Abantu banosuku olunye ephelile, kwaye enye ngoku ayisebenzi. Emva kokuphela kwe-Temo Sapiens uBendemic waqala ukukhula kwaye wahlala phantsi ngokukhawuleza, kwaye utshintsho oluvuthuzayo lunokunceda koku, lwehliselwe ukukholiswa kwabo kwizifo ezithile.2. Sweden
Kutshanje, imizimba emininzi yafunyanwa kwimiqolomba yaseSweden kwimiqolomba yaseSweden, kunye nezazinzulu zifumene into eyoyike kakhulu: owona mthwalo mdala wesifo somnyama (YGESINIA PESEM (YGESINA PECTEIN), etshabalalisa uninzi lweYurophu yaseYurophu kwizihlandlo ezininzi. Kukholelwa ukuba le nto iqhekeza isibetho eso saqhekeka ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba izazinzulu ezaziwayo zezifo zembali. Ukufunyanwa kwe-bacteria kwimizimba yeminyaka engama-5000 eyadlulayo eSweden kunika le ngcinga imbambano. Ngaphambi koko, i-Pestis yokuqala eyaziwayo ye-Y. Pestis yayisisithambiso ye-Justinianova, ebeka uBukhosi baseByzantine emadolweni ngenye i-5, yaqhubeka nokubukela abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-25.
Kwakhona, izazinzulu zazisazi ukuba malunga ne-5 000-6000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, inani labemi bancitshiswa ngezizathu ezithile. Abaphandi ngoku baqala ukucinga ukuba bafumana i-celppit yale nto - isibetho sokuqala ". I-Bacterry isagcinwa namhlanje, oko kunokuba ngumbuzo ofanelekileyo-kutheni kungenxa yokuba loo nto itshabalalisayo igcinwe kwinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRoma, okanye njengesibetho sama-60 epesenti yabemi baseYurophu. Impendulo ilula- abantu abaye balungelelanisa kwaye baqhelane nokusweleka kwabo kwangaphambili.
3. IAthene
I-ATWS ithwaxwa kakhulu kwi-pathogen engaqondakaliyo phakathi kwe-430 ne-427 kwixesha lethu. Ubhubhane, owaziwa ngokuba sisibetho saseAthene, sathintela ngamandla izicwangciso zesixeko ngexesha leMfazwe yasePeloponne. Esi sibetho sichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwimbali eyaziwayo "yembali yemfazwe yama-peloponne", echaza isifo esitshabalalisa ngaphezulu kwesithathu sabemi baseAthene ngelo xesha. Umbhali walo msebenzi, uFucDide, achaze iimpawu zesi sifo inkohlakalo kakhulu, ngakumbi - ukukhohlela okomeleleyo, ukugabha kunye nokuxolelwa. Abaphandi abasaqinisekanga ukuba i-Athene ibe yinto eneneni, kodwa phakathi kweengcinga eziphambili bafumana i-cortex, incinci okanye ezinye izifo. Eyona nto iphambili yePathogen ihlala iyimfihlakalo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo iyaziwa ukuba wenza umonakalo owoyikelayo kubantu baseAthene. Kukholelwa ukuba lo mbhaphili ube sisinye sezizathu zokuwa kwe-Greecical Grisi.I-4 inesiphene u-Antonina
Ukuqala ukusuka kwi-165 AD, uBukhosi baseRoma banikine ukuqhambuka kwesibetho, esaba sisiqalo sezinyuko zobungqola. Namhlanje, izazinzulu ezininzi ziyakholelwa ukuba yayiyibhulukhwe ye-incox. Ukuba kunjalo, iBos ngokuqinisekileyo iyashukumisa iziseko zobukumkani kwaye ekugqibeleni ziyitshintshe ikhondo lembali. Isibetho u-Antonina u-Antonina wayesoyike kangangokuba wabulala abantu abangama-2000 ngosuku, kwaye ngenxa yoko, abantu baseRoma bancitshiswa nge-7 ukuya kwi-10 pesenti. Umkhosi wamaRoma wenzakala kakhulu, kuba amajoni ahlala kwiinkampu ezisondeleyo, kwaye abohleleni omnye komnye. Oku kuchaphazele amandla omkhosi waseRoma kwaye ekugqibeleni kwanegalelo ekuweni ngakumbi kubukhosi. Ikwatshintshe ixilongo lwabemi - uluntu lwabantu lwaqala ukuhlala kwelinye, ngakumbi. Esi sifo siyiganga indlela yezityalo zaseJamani, ezingena eYurophu, kwaye ekugqibeleni zakhokelela ekunciphiseni kukaBonakali kuBukhosi baseRoma. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezixhobo zomzimba kunye nezoqoqosho, iRoma yayikwintlekele enkulu, kwaye konke ukubulela kwisibetho esonakalisa abantu bayo.
I-5 yeByzantine
Njengoko ngaphambili, ukuqhambuka kokuqala kwesibetho se-bubonic kufakwe emadolweni e-Theszantium yakhe (uBukhosi baseMpuma yeMpuma). Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba nguJustinian Chuma, kuba kwakungekho xa ulawulo luka-Emperor Justina i ngo-541 i-thendemic yabetha i-541 i-thendemic yabetha i-741 i-thendemic i-Pedentinople, intliziyo yobukumkani, emva koko yasasazwa ngokupheleleyo koBukhosi baseRoma kunyaka olandelayo. Ngeli xesha, uJustinia waqala ukubuyisela uBukhosi baseRoma kwaye waphumelela impumelelo ebonakalayo kwimikhankaso yasemkhosini kwi-West kwimizamo yokubuyisa iRoma. Kodwa isibetho sabeka umnqamlezo kwimizamo yakhe. Njengesifo esihlangeneyo eYurophu kwinkulungwane kamva, sabangelwa kukuthengisa, kwaye sidluliselwa ikakhulu kwii-raas kwiigundane. Kodwa akazange ayeke, ukumisela kuphela uBukhosi baseMpuma yeMpuma. Kungekudala isibetho sasasazeka ngakumbi kumazwe ahlukeneyo aphezulu, eyahlala eYurophu emva kokuwa kwenxalenye yendawo yoBukhosi baseRoma. Ngenxa yoko, ubulele ubuncinci abantu abangama-25.I-6 iYurophu yaseYurophu
Emva koko kwafika ukufa okumnyama okanye ispile enkulu. Wavuka e-China ngo-1334 kwaye, njengoPlati Merinia, wasasazeka eYurophu kwiindlela zorhwebo. Isifo Akukho Akho Akukho Ntoni Enokuyeka, kwaye ngo-1348 waphangalala iYurophu, emva njengokuba "oblique" edlula kuBukhosi baseByzantine. Esi sibetho sasikhohlakele kakhulu kwaye singanyamezeliyo oko ngelo xesha ngelo xesha ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-60 zeYurophu. Oku kwakuqala kakhulu ukukhula kweYurophu, kuba abantu abambalwa kwaye bambalwa bexhomekeke kwimithandazo kwaye baqala ukucinga ngenkqubela phambili yesayensi. Inkcubeko ifumene impembelelo eyomeleleyo kuphuhliso, kwaye kwiminyaka elandelayo yenxalenye ye-ARTE ye-Mediel enkulu yenziwa.
I-7 iMelika.
Emva koko kwavela ibhubhane yezifo eMelika. U-OPA waqala wavela kwiikoloni zeFlorida, iCarolina neVirginia ngo-1519 kwaye bachitha abantu bendawo emva kokuba bezisiwe kule miphetho yabasebenzi baseYurophu. Ngo-1633, esi sifo safikelela kwi-Massachusetts. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhanya okubizwa ngokuba kukukhanya okutsha nokwanda kususwe ngamandla omnye komnye, amaMelika eMveli ayengenabuzi kwiintsholongwane zaseYurophu, ezinje ngemasisi, igesi, ngakumbi irhasi. I-OSAP yayingaqhelekanga kakhulu phantsi kombane omtsha kwaye isasazeke kuMbindi nakuMzantsi Merika, phantse itshabalalisa ubukhosi be-Aztec. Kwiminyaka nje eli-100 (isiqingatha sexesha lesibetho sikaJustinia), watshabalalisa i-90 pesenti yabemi baseAztec, abaye bancipha kwizigidi ezili-17 ukuya kwi-1,3 yezigidi. Ezi zifo zabulala abantu abaninzi kangange-1900 kuphela amaMelika angama-530,000 ahlala ephila. Oku kwenza ukuba ifobhu yeAmerican phakathi kweyona mbali yoluntu.I-8 ye-cuma
Isibetho esibizwa ngokuba sisibetho sanamhlanje e-China malunga ne-1860, kwaye yayiyenye ubukupheli obuqhelekileyo obuqhelekileyo, obunokuvakala malunga neencwadi zembali. Wawa eHong Kong ngo-1894 kwaye wakhutshwa iminyaka engama-20, kunye nobomi babantu abazizigidi ezilishumi. Kwakhona, ibhulukhwe isasazeka eIndiya. Ngeli xesha, izazinzulu zikwazile ukufumana unobangela wesibetho-yayiyintaka eyadlulisela i-rati (ihlala kwiinqanawa okanye zorhwebo). Ekugqibeleni abantu bafunda ukunyanga esi sifo kwaye bathintele ukuqhambuka kwesibetho.
I-9 poliomylitis
I-fash yepoliyo yayisoyikeka, kwaye namhlanje kukho abantu abaphilayo abakhumbula lo bhubhani. Ipoliomyyelitis ibangelwa yiPolyoovirus, ehlasela ngenkuthalo inkqubo yolwazi, ibangela zonke iintlobo zokothuka, kwaye uwabulale abantu abaninzi. Ingakumbi esi sifo sibethe abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Ubhubhane wafikelela kwi-Apoee yayo kwi-United States ngo-1952, kwaye oogqirha bengaphumelelanga nayiphi na indlela yokunyanga izifo. Ngo-1933, amatyala angama-5,000 oveliswa nguPolisiomylitis abhaliswa eUnited States, kwaye ngo-1952 le nani lenyuke laya kwi-59 000, i.e. ngaphezulu kweshumi amaxesha. Ekugqibeleni, ipoliyoomyelielis ikwazile ukuyeka xa kwaphuhliswa igonyo ezimbini.
I-HIV ye-HIV
Kubonakala ngathi intsholongwane ye-HIV sisifo sokugqibela se-sossane esele ibeka iplanethi yomhlaba (nangayiphi na imeko, ngeli xesha). Esi sifo sisasazeke phakathi kwe-1980s. Emva ngo-1981, amaziko olawulo esifo e-United States aqala ukupapasha izixhobo kwaye alandele intsholongwane eshukumayo, eyathathwa ngamawaka obomi. Ngo-1986, i-CDC ibhengeze ukuba ngo-1985 uGawulayo wafunyaniswa ukuba unenani labantu kunakwiminyaka edlulileyo ethathwe kunye. Kwakusasazeka kancinane esibhubhisayo, kwanaxesha leTekhnoloji yedijithali enomathotholo obanzi, umabonwakude kunye neekhompyuter. Esi sifo saqhubeka nokutshabalalisa umhlaba ngo-1990s no-2000s. Kodwa ubuntu bazabela ngokuchasene nesiqalekiso sehlabathi kwaye baphuhlise amachiza ee-antiretroviral kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango, ubuncinci obungenakuyithintela intsholongwane. Namhlanje, amayeza kunye nezitofu zokugonya nxamnye "Isibetho senkulungwane yama-20 sisasebenza, kwaye iibhiliyoni zeedola sele zichithwe kuyo.