Ugqirha ugqirha ugqirha uAlexander Reznik ovela kwi-St. Petersburg malunga nendawo apho i-Translantogy ivela khona, njengakwinkulungwane yama-21 kukho imisebenzi yaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe, eyayikusilinda kwixesha elizayo. Ethi, njengokuba ihambile, hayi kude nentaba. Sipapasha ngaphandle kweBills kunye ne-debe. Inxenye yokuqala, uhambo lwembali.
I-Antiquity kunye neXesha Eliphakathi
Ngokwam, umbono wokutshintsha amalaphu owonakalisayo owonakalisayo kwimpilo ephilile. Ubungqina bokuqala obubhaliweyo bubhalwe malunga ne-1000 BC, xa i-Indian Schitu Dorgeon ichaze ubuchule bokutshintsha kweflethi yonyango lonyango lwempumlo. Kodwa ukunqongophala kolwazi lwesayensi kunye nokholo kubume bomlingo obonakalise umbono ngaphandle kokungena. Zonke iinzame zokutsala ulusu (ngezo ntsuku yayiyindlela kuphela) ndayihluthisa ukuzama ukujoyina isiqwenga kwaye ndibone into eza kwenzeka. Akukho nto iya kubakho, kunjalo.
Ngokuvela kweRenaissing yoloyiko lwamandulo, exubeneyo ngokungazi kunye nokholo kwi-Alchemy, yaqala ukunyamalala, inika kancinci ingcinga yesayensi. Kwaye ukuqhelisela ukufumana nokusebenzisa ulwazi olutsha akuzange kundenzeli ixesha elide. Umzekelo, iGalicar Talicoqsi, umzekelo, yayingugqirha ovela e-Itali. Kwisiqingatha sesibini se-XIS Ikhulu kwinkulungwane, wayezibandakanya utyando ngeplastiki, malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka njalo, oko kukuthi, phantse nangayiphi na indlela. Ngapha koko, wadala. Wakhe watsalela ingqalelo ingqalelo ekuthintelwe ulusu olonakalisiweyo, kodwa engenasondlo (ukubonelela ngegazi), kukhokelela ekungaphumeleli inyathelo lonke. Ayikhathazeki, kodwa iliso elibalulekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka eli-100, iphoswe ngokupheleleyo nguJohn Hunter, owayeneziphindezelelo zakhe kwicandelo lotyando nasekutshintsheni kwakhe emva koko waba ngugqirha wamazinyo eLondon. Wayeqinisekile ukuba i-fatrics ayiphumi ngenxa yokuphulukana 'nemigaqo yobomi "(Kumgaqo wobomi") kwaye yakhokelela ekupheliseni ukuphindaphinda kunye nokufakelwa kwe-tishu: Ii-ovaris kunye nee-testicles kwaye zibukele ukuba ziyakusebenza.
Isiphelo sasinjalo ngolu hlobo: Ukuba ilaphu alikutolikisi kwangoko emva kokufumana, ayiyonyani. Ezi gunyane kwaye zenze isiseko sombono wokusebenza kwamacandelo, emva kwexesha emva kwexesha zifumene ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngelo xesha kwabizwa ngokuba "ngubomi" kwaye yiyo loo nto.
Kwakukho, ezinye izazinzulu ezaziwayo kule ndawo, kodwa ndiza kugxila kule mizekelo. Ekupheleni kwe-XVIII Ikhulu, ulwazi luqokelele ngokwaneleyo "london Royal Society of lolwazi lwendalo" ukhutshelwa isisombululo sokuba ukwenziwa ngokutsha kwe-tisups kunye nokufakelwa kwabo kunokwenzeka. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
I-Xix inkulungwane kunye ne-XX encinci ye-XX
Ngo-1812, ugqirha kunye nogqirha uJulien Julien Cesar Legar Legar Legar Legari Le Gallia ubhale kwingxelo yeYunivesithi yase-Imperial malunga nemibono yakhe:
"Ukuvuselelwa kwamalungu kwaye nesidumbu sonke kuya kuba njalo ukuba imeko ilawulwa ukuba yenze iimeko zokujikeleza kwegazi ngokufakelwa ngegazi elinokuthatha indawo yegazi."
Oko kukuthi, le ngcinga yegaliyoni kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba sigcine "iMigaqo yoBomi", exhasa ukujikeleza (ukujikeleza kwegazi) kwizicubu. Akazange aqalise ukufunda ukujikeleza kwegazi kwegazi (kwakungekho xesha) amaziko athile, kuba imeko yetekhnoloji yale mihla ayikanikanga ezona meko zincinci zezazinzulu zezazinzulu ezininzi kwi Inkulungwane yama-20.
Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokufunyanwa kokuqulunqwa kwenziwa xa babecinga ukujonga kwimicroscope. Kucacile ukuba ukunamathela kwelaphu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhluma kweenqanawa ezintsha, kwaye kungengxengxemeni kakhulu kwizicubu. Ithiyori yomzingeli yayilahlekile, kwaye wonke umntu wakhawuleza wenza izixhobo zokugcina ukujikeleza kwamalungu.
Kutheni usenza izixhobo? Kuba yayingayazi nantoni na ukuba idluliselwe emva koko - ubuchwephesha abuzanga, khange ndize kuye. Kodwa isayensi yaqhubeka kwaye i-trpant yokuqala yahlala ihleli ixesha. Ke ekuqaleni wonke umntu wathabatha ukufundisisa iipropathi zamalungu awomntu ngamnye - bazibandakanya nabantu abahlukeneyo bajonga ukuba kuya kuba njalo ukuba kuya kuba sisisombululo eso, kwaye kuya kuba yintoni loo nto. Ethetha ulwimi lwale mihla - amagumbi abo akwanti kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.
Imizamo yokuqala yokufana komzimba emizimbeni yenziwa ngu-Edward Lolel ngo-1849.
Ngaphaya koko, ngo-1885, i-Triologogist ye-Strioist yangemva iphuzi isixhobo, ngokwemifanekiso yayo, ehambelana nemoto ye-Cardovary Pitmory yegazi lezinto ezisasazwayo.
Eminye iminyaka eli-10, ngo-1895, u-Oscar Langendorf weza enendlela elula yamalungu e-perfusion. Uthathe indawo yokugcina, eqhotyoshelwe kuye ityhubhu, ejoyine ityhubhu kwilungu, ulwelo ludlula emzimbeni phantsi kwesenzo sobuxoki. Njengeepayi.
Ngo-1899 (emva kweminyaka emi-4), i-Incrit Intat-Ilya ye-Ilya ye-faddeevich ngoncedo lwale nto ixhase umsebenzi wentliziyo ye-48 iiyure.
Ngendlela, iminyaka engama-41 ngaphambili, ngoMeyi 1858, kwintetho yakhe kwi-Royal Senser eNgilane, i-neurophysilogist eyaziwayo yelo xesha uCharles-uCharle wavuma ukubuyisela igazi kwi Izitya ezahlulwe entlokweni yentloko.
Ndikhetha kakuhle amanani enzululwazi ebalaseleyo yelo xesha, ukuba ndingayigqumeze, kodwa imisebenzi emininzi yawo ekwangaphantsi kwexesha labo lexesha eliphantsi kogqirha osuka eFrance ogama linguAleksis Carrel. Imisebenzi yakhe kuphuhliso lokubekwa kwe-vascular seam kunye nokudluliselwa kweenqanawa kunye namalungu anendawo yokufakelwa okwenyani yokuhanjiswa kwale mihla nange-1912 wafumana i-NOBEL PROAGI. Ewe kunjalo, abo imisebenzi yabo yegalelo kwimpumelelo ka-A. Karrel, kodwa andizukubhala ngawo, kuba imbali yembali sele ilibazisekile.
I-Alexis Carrel-Utata woTransplastation yale mihla (engenguye):
Utata wokwenene woThombo lwangoku lwanamhlanje uthathwa njenge-Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov, kodwa ngexesha lokuhambisa i-Nobel Partweni, i-Vladimir Petrovich ayikabikho ehlabathini.
I-XX yenkulungwane, imisebenzi yokuqala
Ke, waphuhliswa umthungo wenkunzi, nantso indlela:
Kwakukho ithuba lokuthunga phakathi kwabo, emva koko baya, baya.
I-Ulman yeVenkile yokuqala idluliselwe ngempumelelo izintso ngo-1902, iphinde yangenzanga ukutshintshela izintso zehagu kwi-gorney emntwini kwaye uvavanye iimvavanyo. Ngendlela, ngaxeshanye, i-Russiagist ye-Russian yomzimba .a. I-Kyabyaboko isenokuphinda iphinde iphinde ivunyelwe ngemvume yentliziyo.
IMathetueu Zilulu ngo-1906 ichithe imisebenzi emibini yentsomi evela kwihagu kunye neebhokhwe kubantu abahlukileyo ezizama ukushenxisa ukungaphumeleli kwemali. Uye waxoxa ukuba abasemagunyeni basebenza kangangexesha elithile ukuba ayinakuba yinyani. Awu, bobabini abaguli bafa.
I-Febney yeZintso yokuqala yeHlabathi ye-Festiney evela kumntu wenziwe ngugqirha weSoviet Yu.yu. I-voronov ngo-Epreli 1933. Ke ebengaziwa ukuba into leyo, njenge-Ischemia ye-Ischemia, ayizange idluliselwe ngabasemagunyeni kwaye, kunjalo, umsebenzi weRenal awuzange ubuyiselwe, ngelishwa, isigulana safa emva kweentsuku ezi-2. Nangona kunjalo, yayibubungqina bokungqinelana kokudluliselwa kweklinikhi. Ngapha koko, ngaphambi koko, babethetha kuphela iziqwenga zokuguqula iilaphu.
Emva kokutshintsha kwexesha elincinci, okokuqala, okokuqala, okokuqala, zonke iintlobo zotshintshiselwano lwenziwa, kuqala kwi-Expreliest v.p. UDemichev, kwaye ke abantu abahlukileyo ekliniki.
I-Vladimer Perovich Demikhov
V.p. I-Demikhov, yayiyindoda enobunzima kunye nekamva. Yaba nguvulindlela, umsebenzi, wanikwa bonke, emva koko bahluthwe yonke into kwaye ukongeza ihlazo eligqunywe
Uvavanyo olubalaseleyo ludweliswe apha.
Ngo-1960, wabhala uMonofor wokuqala weHlabathi kwiNdawo efunwayo "yokuTshintshela kwamalungu amalulekileyo kuvavanyo" - owona msebenzi uphambili wobomi bakhe. Iguqulelwe kwezinye iilwimi, epapashwe e-USA naseYurophu. Kwaye e-USSR, lo msebenzi awuzange uqaphele, ngaphezulu, laborator yakhe yayizama ukuvala kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa "yobuninzi". Ukukhusela i-monofogram yakhe kwindawo ephambili yomsebenzi kwi-1 ye-Moscow ye-1st moscow ayinikezi kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba atshintshele kwinkathalo kaxakeka. N.v. I-Sklifosovsky, apho wabelwe indawo yelebhu:
"Ngokwenyani, yayiligumbi kwigumbi elingaphantsi kunye nendawo yeemitha ezili-15, isiqingatha saso sasihlala kufakelwa sisiseko se-ammonia kunye newadi ngamalungiselelo. Ukukhanya okuhlwempuzekileyo, ubushushu, kubanda. Isebenza ngokukhanya kwesibane esiqhelekileyo, izixhobo azikho, iyunithi yokuphefumla yasekhaya, kunye ne-Cardiograph erekhodiweyo. Endaweni ye-cerpressor-i-ovenuum ye-vacuum endala. Phantsi kweefestile zelebhu, igumbi le-boiler, elizalisa igumbi kunye nomsi we-caviar. Kwakungekho ngaphakathi kwizilwanyana, izilwanyana zatya, zasela, zathatha amayeza kunye neenkqubo kwaye zafunyanwa ngoko nangoko, "labhoratri".
Ngo-1963, i-dissertation emva kokuba yonke ithathe ukukhusela iSayensi yeBhunga le-MOSCOWDA malunga nenqanaba lesayensi. Emva kokukhuselwa ngempumelelo kunye nokupheliswa kwabachasi, ingxoxo ye-abute yenzeka, ke ibhunga lenzululwazi ivotelwe ngokucacileyo "ye-"s ye-V.P. I-Demikhova iyoyisile iholo. Kodwa uchithe isiqingatha seyure kuphela ngomgqatswa wesayensi, inzululwazi yayiphantsi komsebenzi we-dissertation, eyayilandela ivoti yesibini, kwaye i-demikhov yaba ngugqirha wesayensi yebhayoloji.
Ngexesha ukusuka ngo-1963 ukuya ku-1965 Iqela lakhe laliphuhlisa iindlela zokugcina amalungu akwanti kwimo esebenzayo kwizitya ezikhethekileyo ezinxulumene nenkqubo yenkqubo yokuphila okanye "ephilayo". Sigcina amalungu odwa ephila kwiintsuku ezisi-7 (oku akunakwenzeka namhlanje).
Ngo-1965, kwiforum kwi-transplantology, wavakalisa umbono wokudala iibhanki zemibutho yamaxhasi, ukubonelela, ngokukodwa, ukubeka i-thogi yabantu ephilayo, apho babenokugcinwa khona. Imbono yoyisiwe, yayibizwa ngokuba "subn Ahinea", ayihambelani nokuziphatha kobuKomanisi. Ngokukhawuleza funda isibheno sangaphambi kwesikhundla kumagunya aphezulu malunga nokungasebenzi kweDemicov yazo zonke izihloko zesayensi kunye nelebhu.
Intshutshiso kwi-V.P. I-Demikhov ayiphelanga ixesha elide, yaqiniswa kuphela, ekugqibeleni wafumana itswazekile kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe waphulukana nenkumbulo yakhe. Ukuhlala kunye nenkosikazi yakhe kubuhlwempu, xa ugqirha wesithili woyiswa yintlupheko kunye nokudakumba kwendlu yolwazi lwenzululwazi obalaseleyo ngexesha lotyelelo. UVladimir Perovich wasweleka ngo-1998, ngaphambi nje kokuba afe le-3 i-odolo yenqanaba lesi-3 lokuphuhliswa kweendlela ze-aortocorch.
Ukuqhubeka kwebali kuya kupapashwa kwiveki ezayo - malunga. ed.