IBhabheli, esekwe malunga ne-4000 BC, ithathwa njengenye yempucuko yokuqala. Njengoko uyazi, ngenxa yeKhowudi yeHamMurapi, iBhabheli yayiyinkcubeko enesityebi nequlethe, ibhala, iMathematics, iindidi ze-cuisine kwaye, kunjalo, iindlela zokulala. Hayi neePritans, amaGrike amandulo athabatha amagqabantshintshi eBhabheli abe yinkcubeko.
1. ebhedini nomntu ongamaziyo
Imithombo yamaGrike ixelela okuninzi malunga nobomi bezesondo babantu baseBhabheli, kwaye, iBhabheli yayinezenzo ezinokwenza abantu bafumane abantu banamhlanje. KwanamaGrike amandulo athabathela ingqalelo inkcubeko yeBhabheli xa kufikwa kwimilinganiselo yesini.
Umzekelo, enye yezinto ezamkelwe ngokubanzi yayinesondo nabantu ongabaziyo, njengoko umbhali wamaGrike uHerodotus watsho. Wachaza isiko elilandelayo le-quirky: ibhinqa ngalinye laseBhabheli kube kanye ebomini bakhe kwafuneka siye etempileni ukuze lilale ngendoda engaqhelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ewe kunjalo, kufanelekile ukuba abanye oonombali bacel 'umngeni kwiirekhodi ze-herodotus, kodwa bayavuma ukuba uhenyuzo oluziyo lwalukho eBhabheli.
2. Ukuhenyuza kwetempile
Ukuhenyuza kweetempile kwenzeka nakuyo yonke indawo kulo lonke ilizwe lakudala kwindawo ekufuphi ne-crenice crestile crescent kwaye ikujikeleze. Le mihla yokuziqhelanisa ibuyele kwinkcubeko yamandulo yaseSumementi, eyaphakama nge-4500 ye-4500 ye-BC, apho inkcubeko yaseBhabheli iye yafunyanwa kamva. Kukholelwa ukuba eBhabhiloni yadala iitempile zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuhenyuza. Ezi "zeebhubhathi zikaThixo" zazingeyondawo nje ezathengwa ngayo iinkonzo ezisondeleyo - yayingamava enkolo yamandulo.Apha bendingekafiki malunga nemali. Endaweni yoko, inokubizwa ngokuba yindlela yokwamkelwa ngokubanzi yokubulela kunye nokunqula oothixo beBhabheli yakudala. Yayiyisiko elikhethekileyo elikhethekileyo labantu baseBhabheli kunye neenkcubeko ezifanayo kwiMbindi Mpuma, eyayithathwa njengenxalenye yobomi babo benkolo.
3. Isono sobunyulu
Ngokuqinisekileyo amaKristu aya kothuka, etyholwa kwiBhabhiloni yamandulo, kuba kwinkcubeko yasekuhlaleni kwabakho umoni ukuba angabelani ngesondo. Njengoko uHerodotus waxelelwa xa ibhinqa lafika etempileni enenjongo ecacileyo (i-allibait yobomi), indoda yokuqala eyayiphosa ingqekembe emadolweni yakhe imele ukuba ilele kunye nalo mfazi. Nokuba lizityebi okanye lihlwempu, incinci okanye indala, umfazi wayengakwazanga ukwala umntu, ngaphandle kwentlalo yakhe.
UHerodotus wabhala malunga nokuhenyuza okuncinci ngaphandle kweetempile, apho le ndoda yayivumela ukuba ilale naye wonke umntu okanye abantwana bakhe, ukuba bahlawule imali. Ke, abo bafuna abo babefuna ukulala, babengamathuba amaninzi kwiBhabhiloni yamandulo. Nangona namhlanje isenokubonakala ngathi incinci kwaye ibeka, lo mkhwa wawuxhaphakile kwaye wamkelekile ekuhlaleni kwinkcubeko yaseBhabheli, eyayiza kwakhela ukuchuma kwinqanaba le-fash.
Yayiyinxalenye yamava enkolo yasekuhlaleni, izenzo zomnikelo kunye nonqulo lukathixokazi lwabo kwi-Inna (okwaziwa ngokuba yiIshtar). Kunzima nokuyicingela le nto ngoku, kodwa inkcubeko yayikho emhlabeni, apho yayithathwa njengesono sokungavumi.
4. Isidlo esiphakamileyo
I-orgies kunye nehenyukazi zazixhaphakile kwihlabathi lakudala, kwaye iBhabheli ayizange ihambelane. Nangona kunjalo, uthando lwasimahla kunye nokuvula ngokwesini kwakungaphelelanga kwimibhiyozo enkulu yonyaka, kwaye usondelelene nomoya nakwimihla ngemihla. UHerodotus wathetha malunga neencopho zalapha ekhaya kunye nendlela ababanjiweyo ngayo. Ngapha koko, iBhabheli yakudala yayithandwa ngabantu, eyaqala njengabatyeleli elula, kodwa kule nkqubo yaya ngakumbi nangakumbi.Njengoko isidlo sangokuhlwa saqhubeka, abafazi batyhafile bachukunyiswa de bahamba ze. Unokuqikelela nje okwenzekileyo, kodwa uHerodotus waphawula ukuba kwanamaGrike athathelwa ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo ngokwentlalo efikelelekayo kwi-Deedly.
5. Ukunikezelwa komtshato ebhedini
Kwikhowudi ye-HomMMUraP, kuninzi malunga nendlela yokwabelana ngesondo kunye nemithetho yabo. KwiBhabhiloni yamandulo, umtshato ngamnye kwakufuneka uzinikele ngesondo, kwaye akazange afumanekelwe igosa de abe abantu abasanda kutshabalwa ngokwesondo. Kwiplate yamatye, ukuthandana emva kwe-1754 BC, ekroleni:
6. Lusondeza yonke indawo
IBhabheli ayizange ibe ngamatye okanye abe neentloni xa kufike ku-Emm. Babebandakanyekile kulo naliphi na ixesha, naphi na kwaye, bekuya kubonakala, nabani na, xa bafuna. Abantu baseBhabheli babezibandakanya kakhulu kuthando ekuhleni embindini weSixeko, kwileqwa ekufuphi okanye bakhwela eluphahleni lwendlu yabo, kangangokuba bavulwa ngaphambi kwabo.Akukho mntu unxaxhile ngokuchasene neBhabheli babenenkcubeko evulekileyo ngokwesondo. Ukusuka ezitempileni ukuya eluphahleni, ngaphambi kwegumbi lokulala ngasecaleni ... iBhabheli yakwenza kuyo yonke indawo. Mhlawumbi, abaninzi abayi kucingelwa ngumzi wonke abantu ababeqhubana nothando kuyo yonke indawo.
7. Iimarike zomtshato
Iimarike zomtshato zenye indibaniselwano yenkcubeko yaseBhabheli. Kubo, abafazi bobudala bentwana bathengiswa ngokomgaqo "oya kuthi anike elona xabiso liphezulu". Ulwazi malunga noku lwafikelela ngeli xesha kwakhona enkosi kwi-herodotus, echazwe ngokweenkcukacha indlela ezi ntengiso zisebenza ngayo.
Bonke abantu basetyhini bahlala kwisangqa kwaye basuka benyuka, bemka embindini, emva koko abantu abaphulaphuli baqala ukubheja kumgaqo we-Auction. Ngenxa yoko yonke into eyaziwayo malunga nenkcubeko yaseBhabheli, yayisenokuba yimakethi yokwenene, apho babethengisa abantu abafuna khona.
8. Amehlo emehlweni
I-Codex Hammmurapi yaziwa ngomthetho osisiseko wamehlo. Ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni isohlwayo esifanelekileyo kwaye sichanekile, malunga nokuba nguwuphi owaphulwayo kunye neeMidemeans. Ewe, isondo yayingayi kwenzeka kule ... kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iingcinga zalapha malunga nento "yamehlo emehlweni", ukuyibeka ngobumnene.Kwitekisi efanayo esemthethweni, ukuthandana kumaxesha eBhabhiloni yakudala, kuvunyiwe koku kulandelayo: Ukuba umntu nguyise wentombi, kwaye enye indoda yalala nentombi yakhe, emva koko uyise uvunyelwe ukuba enze umfazi wakhe Kulo mntu uyakholiswa nguye, phaya uye ekubulaweni.
Nangona kunjalo, kwikhowudi ye-HAMMMUraP, kuthiwa yimeko efanayo, akhokelele umntu okhokelele kwintombi, uYise unelungelo lokubulala, umfazi lowo, ukuba abulawe.
9. ukukrexeza
Ngenxa yomoya ophambili wokuziphatha okuhle, kuyamangalisa ukuba ukukrexeza kuye kwanexabiso elikhulu eBhabheli. Ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo, isigwebo sentambo sasicingelwa, kwaye umfazi ubambelele "kushushu," kwakuyimfuneko ukuba uqhume kunye nomthandi wakhe, ubotshelelwe yintsontelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umyeni ohoyiwe ufuna ukuwugcina umfazi wakhe, kule meko umthetho ulungiselele inceba kumthandi. Ukuba umyeni agqibe kwelokuba ambulale umfazi wakhe, wambulala umntu awayelele kuye, wabulawa, wabulawa kwakhe.
10. ubufanasini
Njengakwezinye izityalo emhlabeni ukuya kulawulo lukaYudeo, olwa kwenzeka emva koKonstantin wenza ubuKristu kwinkolo yaseRoma yamandulo, iBhabheli yayingathandanga ngokusisigxina nangokukhululekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, babenemicimbi ethile yamanye amazwe, eyayikholelwa ukuba ibangelwa kukusilela (kwaye yayingabo bakholelwa ukuba zizise ithamsanqa).
Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba amadoda aseBhabheli ngamanye amaxesha athandane nendima yabasetyhini kwisini, nangaphezulu, ade asebenzise isini esiphithizelayo njengendlela yokuthintela inzala (ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubufazini basebenza njengenye indlela yokukhulelwa). Ngayiphi na imeko, iBhabheli yayingaqhelekanga kakhulu "Friki" yemigangatho yanamhlanje ngeendlela ezininzi.