Namhlanje, nawuphi na umama unokuya kwivenkile yendawo aze athenge ibhotile yokutya komntwana, endaweni yokuncancisa umntwana wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, bekukho iindlela ezimbini zokwenza umntwana ngokwembali: okanye ukuncancisa okanye ukuqesha i-nanny-ukutya. Rhoqo, yayinguMbutho owenza ukuba abazali "Ngokobhekisa kubo," kuba iinkolelo malunga nendlela ekuhleni ukondla abantwana batshintsha kaninzi kwiminyaka eliwaka.
Eyona nto iphambili yayiyintengiso, kwaye ukhuselo lwendlela enye okanye olunye ukhetho lokutya lwalubaluleke kakhulu. Sinika imizekelo yendlela abantu abasasaza ngayo abantwana babo kwiminyaka edlulileyo yamawakawaka.
I-1 Korilitsa
Ukusetyenziswa kwengcambu yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukondla umxube okanye ngebhotile. Kwaqala ngo-2000 BC kwaye kwaqhubeka de kwayinkulungwane yama-20. Ngalo lonke ixesha, isigqibo sokuba umama uya kusetyenziswa okanye akazimiselanga kuphela kokukhetha, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha abe yimfuneko, kuba bengakhange babonakalise ubisi. Iinkonzo ze-Kormilitsa zazingumsebenzi odumileyo - iikontrakthi zatyikitywa kwaye iilayisensi ezixineneyo. Ukuqaliswa kwebhotile yokondla kwi-Xix inkulungwane ye-Xix njengoko enye yenye yanceda ukususa i-cormilitz. KwaSirayeli malunga no-2000 BC Ukuncancisa abantwana kwakujongwa njengentsikelelo, kwaye lo mthetho wawuqwalaselwa njengomsitho wonqulo. Kwisincoko sezonyango sase-Egypt " Ngenye indlela, wayengahlala imilenze enqamlezayo kwaye kukho isonka, 'i-rasing kwisidenge "(uhlobo lwe-millet), kwangaxeshanye likrazule isifuba seMac.
2 Antiquity Antity
Ukuba ibhinqa laseGreece limalunga ne-950 BC. Wayehlala kwinqanaba eliphezulu, wayedidekile eqesheni umoyinti emva kokuzalwa komntwana. Ngeli xesha, iimbumbulu zazifuna kangangokuba ziye zanamandla phezu kweentombi zakhe. IBhayibhile ibhekisela kwimizekelo eliqela ye-korilitz. Kungenzeka ukuba ezona zinto zidumileyo zazo yayikukuqhekezwa kwehermali, into eyenzelwe ukuba uFaro aqeshiswe nguMoses, owayefunyanwa kwiingcongolo. KuBukhosi baseRoma ukusuka kwi-300 BC Kude kube ngu-400 g. Baqesha i-bomb yokukhathalela abantwana abashiyiweyo (ngokufuthi amantombazana) abathengele abatyebileyo njengamakhoboka alandelayo. Aba bantwana bondlwa iminyaka emithathu.
Ii-3 eziphakathi ubudala
KumaXesha Aphakathi, icebiso malunga nendlela i-shormits kufuneka ibaphathe ngayo, epapashwe yiFrancisCan Monk yenkulungwane ngegama le-Bartholomew isiNgesi. Ucebise abakhweli ukuba baziphathe njengonina: "Ukuphakamisa umntwana xa esiwa, beza umntwana emntwaneni, xa esikhala ... ehlamba kwaye ecoce umntwana xa esiya kwindlu yangasese." KumaXesha Aphakathi, ubuntwana baqala ukubonwa njengexesha elikhethekileyo, kwaye ubisi lwebele lwalugqalwa njengemilingo. Kwakhona, oomama banconywa ukondla abantwana babo ngobisi lwebele (kwaye ngaphezulu, yayithathwa njengetyala labo elingcwele), kuba kucingelwa ukuba iimpawu zobisi lwengqondo zinokudlulisa umntwana wengqondo kunye nomzimba emntwaneni. Kwixesha lokuvuselelwa, esi simo sengqondo malunga nokukhulisa abantwana babo sigcinwe kuba abafazi boyika ukuba iintsana zingaba njengomongikazi.
4 Masithini "hayi" ibomvu
Ngo-1612, ugqirha we-French kunye ne-jacques yaseFrastetricit Giomo echazwe emsebenzini "Inkathalo yabantwana", engafanele isetyenziswe ngeenwele ezibomvu, kuba ubisi lwabo lwebele lunokudlulisela oovimba babo. " Ngokutsho kwakhe, ii-nannies kufuneka zibe "kuthambile, zithambile, ezinembeko, isigulana, i-ceste, kwaye akukho nto imangalisayo, kwaye i-cholerists, iqhayiya, ukubawa.
Iinkulungwane ezi-5 ezilandelayo
Ukusuka kwi-XVII inkulungwane kwinkulungwane yeXix, isithethe sokuncancisa ngoncedo 'lwePhafu "laqhubeka, ngenxa yokuba liyaqhubeka, kwaye nje abantu abazizityebi bakuthathela ingqalelo ukuba bangawonakalisa. Ukuphuma kwelo xesha, konke okukhona kungafaneleki ukuncancisa, kuba kwakunzima nokuba kunzima nokuhamba nabo. Kwanabameli beeklasi ezisezantsi, abanjengogqirha, amagqwetha kunye nabathengisi, i-Nyathan-Korilitz, njengoko yayihamba ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokuqesha umntu ukuba agcine ishishini lomyeni wakhe okanye agcine indlu. Kwinguqu elandelayo yeshishini, iintsapho ezininzi zafuduka ezivela kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezixekweni, apho abafazi babehlala besebenza khona. Iingxaki ezithile zavela. Umzekelo, "kumayeza asekhaya", uWilliam Bucos (1779) ubonakalisa ukungathembani okungathethekiyo kwe-cormil, eyayidla ngokusetyenziswa ziimali ezithambileyo ezisekwe kuma-opima ukuze abantwana bathi, bazolile kwaye bezolile. "
Iibhotile ezi-6 zokuqala
Kwi-Xix, amaziko aqala ukufela ngaphandle, kuba ukuthandwa kwakufumene izilwanyana zobisi kunye nokondla kwibhotile. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweebhotile zokuzala kwafunyanwa kumaxesha amandulo, kwaye iinqanawa zafunyanwa ngamawakawaka eminyaka. I-Greek terracotta "Yourter" 450 BC. isetyenziselwa ukondla abantwana ngomxube we wayini nobusi. Uninzi lweenqanawa ezifunyenweyo zavavanywa kwaye iimveliso zobisi zafunyanwa kuzo, ke abembi bezinto zakudala bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubisi lwezilwanyana okanye ezinye izinto zasetyenziswa endaweni yokondla abantwana kwilitye. Iingxaki ezivela kwiibhotile zokucoca zidweliswe kuncwadi lwamaxesha eRoma, amaXesha Aphakathi kunye nokuphindaphinda. Uhlaselo lwemizi-mveliso lube negalelo kwinto yokuba iibhotile ziba nococeko kwaye zikhuselekile ukondla umntwana.
7 Iimbiza zebhathi kunye neeHunds zabantwana - "Boat"
Ngaphambi kokuba isitayile sanamhlanje saphuhliswa, ndizamile ukhetho oluninzi. Ezinye zazo zenziwa nge-ceramics okanye iinkuni, kodwa olona hlobo luthandwayo lwesixhobo esondlaweyo senziwe nge-how uphondo lwendawo yokuvalwa kobisi. Kwi-1700s, kwenziwa ukhetho kwi-tin kunye nezitya zesilivere, eyona nto ithandwayo yayiyinto ebizwa ngokuba "yimbiza etyhutywe", yaqanjwa ngugqirha waseLondon ogama linguHugh Smith. Ngelishwa, isipout sembiza enjalo, efana nekatete, yayiphantse yangakwazi ukucoca kwaye idla ngokukhokelela kusulelo kunye neziphumo ezibulalayo. Iinqanawa zabantwana ngohlobo lweenqanawa ezisetyenziselwa ukondla ngesonka, zifakwe ngamanzi okanye ubisi, okanye i-flakes emhluzi. Ukufihla abantwana banikwa ukutya okufanayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iimpahla bezinzima kakhulu ukuzicoca, phantse isithathu sabantwana safa kunyaka wokuqala wosulelo.
Iibhotile ezi-8 zenkulungwane ye-Xix
Iibhotile zeglasi zaziswa zokondla phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-Xix, kwaye ezinye zazo zazintsonkothile, zivuthelwa ngendlela yeecones okanye amathanga. Ngokuthe ngcembe, bathathe indawo yezitya ze-porcelain zokondla, ezaziphambi koko. Uninzi lweemveliso ezintsha zabizwa ngokuba "ziibhotile-kilsts", kuba zaba luhlobo lwe-petri izitya zokuzala (ezicocwe ii-tubs kunye neetyhubhu zerabha kakhulu). Kwimeko enye, amabele okufakelwa, anokuzalisa ubisi kwaye azinxibe ukuze ubisi lubushushu kubushushu bomzimba. Ngo-1863, umkhuseli ogama linguMat-Tomlinson wakha ibhotile "yeperile yeglasi enemibala ebizwa ngokuba" yi-Cottage ", wathengisela ukuba ubunokuthathwa kakuhle ukondla umntwana nendoda.
Iifomula ze-9
Kwinkcubeko yanamhlanje, ukuncancisa kuthathwa njengowona mthombo wamandla owona mntwana, kodwa xa umxube waqanjwa, intengiso yanda inzala yoluntu kwimithombo yobisi. Ke ngoko, ngexesha leXix, ubisi lwezilwanyana lukhethekile kwaye longezwa kwimixube yesonka xa umntwana ebegula. Uthelekiso phakathi kwezilwanyana kunye nobisi lomntu lwalufundwa kwiXaii yenkulungwane yeXvii, kuxhomekeke kwisiphi isilwanyana eluntwini, umzekelo, amahashe, iinkamela, iigusha neebhokhwe. Ubisi lwenkomo xa luphela lukhethekile. Ngo-1865, ukuba "ukwenziwa" kwe "ndlela elungileyo" yenziwa yobisi lomntwana, ukuxelisa umxholo wobisi lwebele. Ibizwa yiFomula yeLibrix, yayiquka ubisi lwenkomo, i-malt kunye nomgubo wengqolowa nge-potassium carbonate.
Uphuculo noKhuseleko olongezelelekileyo
Ekupheleni kwe-1883, 27 iintlobo zelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wendlela yokutya yomntwana phantsi kwe-braid brand ivele, kodwa uninzi lwazo lwalungekho kwinqanaba lokutya, kunye neswekile yokwandisa ikhalori. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ulwazi malunga nolusulelo ngeevithamini zavumela iiraves zokusebenza ngokufezekileyo. Kodwa ukutya kwakuthandwa kakhulu ehlotyeni, xa ubisi luchithwe, ukusweleka kwentsana kuyanda. Le meko iphuculwe kuphela emva kokuthathwa kwethiyori yeentsholongwane phakathi kwe-1890 neyo-1910. Ekubeni ukucoceka kweebhotile kuphuculwe, kwaye iingono zerabha ziye zafikeleleka ngakumbi, kuncipha. Ukongeza, indima ebonakalayo yayidlalwa ngenkangeleko yenani elandayo lezifriji, apho ubisi lungagcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo.