Udonga lwaseBerlin lolunye lweempawu zemfazwe ebandayo. Kwi-East Jamani, wabizwa ngokuba "yi-Fie Anti-Fachescher Schutzwall" ("udonga olukhuselweyo lwe-Fascist"). Ngokwabameli be-USSR kunye ne-GDR, olu donga lwalufuneka ukuthintela ukungena kweentlola zasentshona ukuya eMpuma Berlin, kwaye abemi baseNtshona Berlin abayi empuma yexabiso elithengiswayo kwinkxaso mali yexabiso.
ENtshona Jamani, babethetha ngolu donga njengemizamo yeSoviet Union ukuba iyeke ukufudukela kwi-Berliners ye-Berliners yaseMpuma ukuya eNtshona Berlin. Ke, namhlanje, bambalwa abantu ababaziyo malunga nodonga lomqondiso.1. Akazange abelana ngeMpuma naseNtshona Germany
Phakathi kwabantu yimbono ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yokuba udonga lwaseBerlin lwabelana iMpuma naseNtshona Jamani. Oku kuvalwa ngokungachanekanga. UBerlin udonga olwahlula-hlulwe kuphela eNtshona Berlin ukusuka kwi-East Berlin kunye ne-East Jermy (i-Western Berlin yayikwiMpuma Jamani). Ukuqonda ukuba i-Berlin yaseNtshona ikwi-East Jamani, kufuneka iqonde indlela elahlule ngayo emva kwemfazwe. Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ama-Allies avumele ukwahlula iJamani ibe yimimandla emine yempembelelo: I-United States, iSoviet Union, iSoviet Union, iSoviet Union neFrance.
IBerlin efanayo (eyayikummandla olawulwa yiSoviet Union) yahlulwa yangamacandelo amane asasazwa phakathi kwabahlali. Emva kwexesha, ukungavisisani neSoviet Union kukhokelela kwinto yokuba i-United States, i-United Kingdom naseFrance Jarlin, naseMpuma Jerlin naseMpuma Gerlin yahlala iSoviet Union.
Ubude bomda wangaphakathi phakathi kwentshona neMpuma Jermany yayingaphezulu kwe-1,300 yeekhilomitha, iphindwe kasibhozo ubude beBerlin (iikhilomitha ezili-154). Ukongeza, kuphela iikhilomitha ezingama-43 kuphela kodonga lweBerlin olwahlulahlula i-mpuma uBerlin ukusuka eNtshona Berlin. Uninzi lodonga lwahlukaniswa ne-Berlin kwi-East Jamani.
2. Ngapha koko, bekukho iindonga ezimbini
Namhlanje, bambalwa abantu abakhumbulayo ukuba udonga lwaseBerlin aluzange ludonga olunye, kodwa iindonga ezimbini ezifanayo zibekwe kumgama oziimitha ezili-100 ukusuka komnye. Nangona kunjalo, lowo wonke umntu uthathela iBerlin, wayesondelelene ne-East Berlin. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kodonga lokuqala lwaqala ngo-Agasti 13, 1961, waza waqalisa ukwakha udonga lwesibini ngonyaka.
Phakathi kwezi ndonga zimbini yayiyinto ebizwa ngokuba "ngumhluzi wokufa", apho kukho nayiphi na into engenamsebenzi enokudubula ngokukhawuleza. Izakhiwo ngaphakathi "Ukuqhekezwa kokufa" kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye yonke le ndawo ilungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ilala ngegravel encinci yokuchonga i-facunives. Kwakhona kumacala omabini omtya emva kokufumana izithuba ezithile, i-fishlights ifakiwe ukuthintela ukubaleka ebusuku.
3. Icawe eyayimi phakathi kweendonga ezimbini
Ngaphakathi "hluma lokufa", abantu baseMpuma yasempuma kunye nabasemagunyeni baseSoviet bayitshabalalisa zonke izakhiwo, ngaphandle kweCawe yoxolelwaniso. I-Parshioners ayikwazanga ukungena kuyo, njengoko icawe yayikwindawo engavumelekanga. Ibali elinxulunyaniswa nele cawe linomdla kakhulu. Emva kokwahlukana kweBerlin, indawo ejikeleze icawa yawa ngasemdeni phakathi kwe-French kunye namacandelo eSoviet. Icawe ngokwayo yayikwicandelo leSoviet, kwaye amarhamente akhe wayehlala kwicandelo lamaFrentshi. Xa besakha udonga lwaseBerlin, wahlula icawe kumhlambi. Kwaye xa udonga lwesibini lugqityiwe, amarhamente ambalwa ahlala kwicandelo leSoviet nayo ikwavalwe ukufikelela etempileni.
ENtshona Berlin, icawa eshiyiweyo yakhuthazwa njengophawu lwengcinezelo yeSoviet Union yamaBerliners yaseMpuma kunye neMpuma yeMpuma. Kungekudala ibandla ngokwayo yaba yingxaki kumapolisa aseJamani aseJamani, kuba kwakuyimfuneko ukubona ukuhambahamba. Ngenxa yoko, ngoJanuwari 22, 1985, kwagqitywa ekubeni bayichithe 'ukuphucula ukhuseleko, uku-odola kunye nokucoceka. "
4. Uphembelela njani udonga
Nangona udonga lwaseBerlin lwalusentloko, wachukumisa iMetro eBerlin. Emva kokwahlukana kweBerlin, isikhululo seMetro kumacala omabini sidlule phantsi kolawulo lwe-West kunye ne-USSR. Ngokukhawuleza yaba yingxaki, kuba oololiwe abadlula phakathi kwamanqaku amabini aseNtshona Berlin, ngamanye amaxesha kwakuyimfuneko ukudlula kwizikhululo ezikufuphi ne-Berlin eMpuma. Ukuthintela amahlumela kwaye axube phakathi kwabemi kuwo omabini amaqela, i-Berliners yaseMpuma yavalwa ukusuka kwizikhululo apho oololiwe beNtshona bedlula khona. Ezi zikhululo zitywiniwe, zijikelezwe yi-bare enqindiweyo kunye ne-alamu. Uloliwe ovela eNtshona Berlin akazange ayeke kwi "Mpuma". Esona sikhululo sise-Mpuma Berlin, ababema kuyo, ngaba iFleredrichras, yayijolise kwi-Berliners yaseNtshona, yayiyi-Berliners yasentshona ukuya eMpuma Berlin. Intshona yeBerlin yaqonda ukuba kukho indlela engaphantsi kweMpuma Berlin, kodwa kwiimephu ezi zikhululo zibhalwe njenge "izitishi apho oololiwe bengayeki". Kwi-East Jamani, ezi zikhululo zasuswa ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iimephu.5. Udonga oluncinci "lweBerlin" lwahlulahlula ilali
Emva kokwahlukana neJamani, i-ristwell yeTannbach, ehamba kwilali yaseMömpularoit, ekwenzeni umda we-bavaria yanamhlanje neThulo, yayisetyenziswa njengomda phakathi kwemimandla elawulwa yaseMelika kunye neSoviet Union. Ekuqaleni, abantu belali babengayiqondi le nxalenye yeMöldlamit ikwiJamani, enye kwi-GDR, njengoko babenokuwela umda ukuba batyelele amalungu osapho kwelinye ilizwe. Ubizo lomthi, lwakhiwa ngo-1952, ngokuyinxenye kule nkululeko. Kwandula ke, ngo-1966, le nkululeko yayinqunyelwe nangakumbi xa ucingo lwatshintshwa ziiplati zesamente ezikwiimitha ezi-3 - kwasetyenziswa ukwahlulwa kweBerlin. Udonga aluzange luvumele abahlali belali ukuba bahambe phakathi kwamazwe amabini, eneneni ahlukanisa usapho. Entshonalanga, le lali yabizwa ngokuba "nguBerlin omncinci". Nangona kunjalo, imeko yabahlali basemaphandleni ayizange iphele eludongeni. Abasemagunyeni baseJamani bekwakongeza imiqobo yombane, emva kokuba kwakufuneka ihambe nelali. Inxalenye yodonga isayixabisa, gcwalisa ngeenqaba ezininzi zewotshi kunye nezithuba. Kwaye ilali ngokwayo isebenza phakathi kwamazwe amabini omthandathu.
6. I-Graffiti edumileyo ye-Wicelis
Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, udonga lwaseBerlin lwalunendonga ezimbini ezifanayo. Ukusukela kwicala leNtshona Berlin, kwangoko emva kokwakhiwa kwaqala ukupeyinta igraffiti eyahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusuka kwicala le-Berlin yaseMpuma, udonga lwaqhubeka nokugcina ubunyulu bezinto ezinyulu, kuba iMpuma yaseMpuma yayingavumelekanga ukuya kuye. Emva kokuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin ngo-1989, amagcisa aliqela agqiba kwelokuba apeyinti impuma yodonga lweBerlin yeGraffiti. Enye imisebenzi idumileyo ebonisa inkokeli owayesakuba yiSoviet Union of Z Brezhnev, nto leyo lachaphazela xa kiss nzulu kunye nowayesakuba baseMpuma Germany UErich Honekker. Igraffiti ibizwa ngokuba "kukufa" kwaye zabhalwa ngumculi waseSoviet Union nguDmiful Vrubel. I-Graffiti yayibuyise imeko ka-1979, xa zombini iinkokeli zanga kumbhiyozo wesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-30 yeJamani iJamani. Olu gama "lokutyita 'lwalusiqhelo yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwezinto eziphezulu zezinto zobuKomanisi.7. Ngaphezulu kwe-6000 yezinja zokujikeleza
"Iqhekeza lokufa" -isithuba phakathi kweendonga ezimbini ezifanayo zodonga lwaseBerlin-kwathiwanga ke ngoko. Igcinwe ngononophelo, kubandakanya amawaka ezilwanyana ezizinxungupheleyo, igama elithi igama elithi igama ". Abalusi baseJamani babedla ngokusetyenziswa, kodwa ezinye iintlobo zokufuduswa nazo zinokufunyanwa, njenge-rottlelelers nezinja. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zininzi izinja. Kwezinye iiakhawunti, inani lama-6,000 likhankanyiwe, ngelixa abanye bexabana ukuba babengaphezulu kwe-10,000. Kufanelekile ukuba ingaba izinja zange babhadule ngokukhululekileyo yirusi yokhuselo. Endaweni yoko, isilwanyana ngasinye sasibotshelelwe kwi-5-meter chain eqhotyoshelwe kwintambo yeemitha ezili-100 ubude, nto leyo eyavumela inja ukuba ihambe ngendlela eludongeni. Emva kokuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin zezi zinja, bafuna ukuwabelana ngeentsapho kwimpuma nasentshonalanga. Nangona kunjalo, amaJamani asentshona ayethandabuza ukufumana izilwanyana ezinjalo, kuba amajelo eendaba akhuthazwe "zizinja zangadayo" njengezilwanyana eziyingozi ezinokuphelisa umntu.
8. I-Margaret Wlobher kunye noFrancois Mitteran bafuna udonga ukuze bahlale
Ekuqaleni, iBrimerish Primery Primer Margaret Wlocher kunye noMongameli waseFranch Francois akazange ayixhase ukutshatyalaliswa kodonga lwaseBerlin kunye nokudibana kweJamani. Xa uthethathethwano malunga nokudibana kwakhona kwabanjwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu, wathi: "Sahlula amaJamani kabini, kwaye ngoku bayabuya." Lowo wayenza yonke into eyenzekayo ukuyiyeka le nkqubo kwaye wazama ukuphembelela urhulumente we-UK (eyayingangqinelaniyo ukuba akakwazi ukuyeka inkqubo, wacebisa ukuba iJamani iphinde yadityaniswa emva kwexesha lenguqu Iminyaka emihlanu, hayi kwangoko. I-Mittera yaphazamiseka ngabantu awayebabiza ngokuba "ngamaJamani ababi". Wayesoyika ukuba aphicodile eJamani anokuba nempembelelo enkulu eYurophu, nangaphezulu kwe-Adolf Hitler. Xa i-mitteran yaqonda ukuba inkcaso yakhe ibingayi kuyiyeka iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ihlangana, yatshintsha isikhundla saza yamxhasa. Nangona kunjalo, i-mitteran inamathele ngoluvo lokuba iJamani inokujongwa kuphela kwimeko yokuba yinxalenye yemanyano yamazwe aseYurophu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-European Union.9. Kutshanje ufunyenwe kwinxalenye yokulinda eludongeni
Uninzi lodonga lweBerlin lwadilizwa ngo-1989. Iinxalenye ezisele zishiywe ngokukodwa zizinto zokwahlula iJamani. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye enye yodonga yayilibalekile de yaphinda yavulwa ngo-2018. Umbhali-mbali wembali ichazwe kubukho becandelo le-80-leemitha le-meter e-Schonholz (iBerlin's Courbs). Kwibhlog, epapashwe nge-22 kaJanuwari, 2018, uBorman waxelela ukuba wafumanisa le nxalenye yodonga ngo-1999, kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba ayigcine imfihlakalo. Ngoku watyhila ubukho bayo ngenxa yenkxalabo yokuba udonga lusemoyeni aluchaphazelekanga kwaye unokuwa. Icandelo elifihliweyo lodonga likwisihlahla phakathi kweendlela zikaloliwe kunye namangcwaba.
10. Usaqhubeka neJamani namhlanje
Ukwahlula-hlulwa kweJamani kunye neBerlin kwakungekho nje kulwakhiwo lodonga. Yayiyimbono, kwaye imiphumo yalo isaziva namhlanje. Okokuqala, intshona yeJamani yayingungxowankulu, kwaye iMpuma Germany yayingumKomanisi. Oku kuye kwachaphazela imigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe ngalinye. I-Berlin yasempuma esuka eNtshona Berlin ingahlula-hlula kunye neefoto ezenziwe ngama-Astronaut Dostrest Andrest kwiSikhululo seNdawo yeHlabathi ngo-2012. Ibonakala ngokucacileyo yi-East Berlin etyheli kunye nokukhanya kweNtshona neBerlin yasentshona enesibane seGreen. Umahluko obukhali sisiphumo sokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezibane zesitrato ezisetyenziswa kuwo omabini amazwe (ukukhanya eNtshona Jamani kuyindawo enobuhlobo ngakumbi kunayo eMpuma Germany). Namhlanje eMpuma Jamani, umvuzo ophakathi uphantsi kakhulu kunaseNtshona Jamani. Kuba iifektri ezininzi eMpuma Jamani azinakukhuphisana nabalingane babo basentshona emva kokudityaniswa, bavale nje. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba eNtshona Jamani kumashishini amaninzi anyanzelwa ukuba ayongeze umvuzo wokutsala abasebenzi abanolwazi. Isiphumo sale nto kukuba abantu bafune ukusebenza emsebenzini empuma yelizwe, bathanda ukufudukela eNtshona ukuze bayifumane apho. Nangona oko kwakhokelela ekuncipheni kwentswela-ngqesho eMpuma Jamani, kuye kwadala "ukuvuza kwengqondo". Ukuba uthetha ngecala elifanelekileyo, iMpuma Germany ivelisa inkunkuma encinci kune-jamani yaseNtshona. Sisiphumo semihla yobuKomanisi, xa amaJamani aseMpuma athengela kuphela ukuba babeyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo, xa kuthelekiswa namaJamani asentshona, ababengekho kwi-Germans, ababengenazoqoqosho. EMpuma Jamani, kungcono ukhathalela abantwana kuneNtshona Jamani. AmaJamani aseJamani anefama ezinkulu.