Kazhinji, papyrus, dombo nehuni zvine ruzivo rwakakosha uye kupa masayendisiti kune zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa maererano nehupenyu hwemazana uye millenia yakapfuura. Vanyori vanyori vasina kujairika kana mabasa asingazivikanwe ehukama hwakakurumbira anongova "Ausberg kumusoro", uye kutaura nhasi kuchafamba nezvavo.
1. Mushonga wekare wekare
Mumunda weDanish, Copenhagen muunganidzwa wakasarudzika wezvinyorwa zveEjipitori. Havasi vese vakatsanangurwa, uye muna 2014 vesaenzi vakatumira zvinyorwa zvakati wandei zvekurapa. Izvo zvakazoitika kuti manyoro aya aive "zvakanaka" kubva kuraibhurari yekare patembere muTebtunis, yaive iripo kusvika 200 BC Uye yakange yave nguva refu raibhurari yakakurumbira muAlexandria.Mune imwe yeriramu, yakaudzwa nezve itsvo dzemunhu, uye ichi chakajeka chichiita zvaunotenda zvesayenzi kuti vaIjipita vaisaziva nezvemitumbi. Mumwe zvinyorwa zvinobva pamazana matatu, kana kunyorwa kweEurope kweEurope kuchisazivapo. Yakarondedzera bvunzo chaiyo yekuzvitakura, iyo yakazotaurwa semushonga weGerman muna 1699. Inosimbisa iyo Millenial pesvedzero yemushonga wekare weEjipitori, inowanzo kukanganwa nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvikuru zvechiGiriki uye zveRoma. MuCopenhagen Unganidzo, kunewo anoshanda pane nyeredzi, botany, nezvimwe.
2. Diagnostics yeiyo hysterium Galen
Munguva yakapfuura, vanachiremba vaitenda kuti chibereko chemukadzi chinogona "kudzungaira" uye chobva chichiita kuti tantrum. Pakanga papi chaizvo "vakadzungaira", havana kumbotsanangura, asi mumwe chiremba mumwe weRoma haana kutsigira pfungwa iyi. Zita rake ndiGaren (30-210 G. N.E.). Iri basa rachiremba uyu rakakurumbira rakazoita dombo rechokwadi iro rakazochinja mushonga wemazuva ano. Nekudaro, kuwanikwa kwechangobva kuitika kwakaratidza kuti kunyange Garen akakanganisa, uye zvakanyanya.
Izvo zvese zvakatanga paphyrus ane makore 2000, izvo pasina munhu aigona kuverenga kwemazana emakore. Mavara ari pamativi ese maviri egwaro airatidzika sekunge akaiswa pagirazi, "Ass Toda." Sezvo pepa iri rakanga rakavanzika muYunivhesiti yeSwitzerland yeSwitzer kwemazana emakore, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana gwaro rakakuvadzwa chete muna 2018. Tsamba yekudzoka yakanga isiri zvisinganzwisisike zvachose.
Gwaro racho raive nemapepa akati wandei rakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nemumwe, uye izvi zvakaitwa zvisirizvo. Izvo zvakazoita kuti ive yebasa risingazivikanwe raGaren, uyo akatsanangura rake kuongororwa kwehysteria. Yakanga ichimanikidzwa kuti chikonzero chechirwere ndiko kushaya bonde. Galen akafunga, semhedzisiro, mukadzi anogona kutambudzika ne "hyterial suffication" kana apnea.
3. Rakadzorerwa Hare Bible
Simba risingaperi simba uye mabhuku akashaikwa panguva yebhodhi ye heinrich viii. Ruzhinji rwevaMantersies rwakavharwa muZimbabwe Century mukati mebhodhi rake muCentur muzana, imwe yeiyo yaive yeCanterbury Cathedral. Munguva yedambudziko iri, rima raibhurari hombe kubva pamabhuku zviuru makumi matatu vakanyangarika. Muna 2018, zvaigoneka kuona imwe yeaya mahoramu akarasika - Bhaibheri risingawanzo. Pakasvika nguva yemambo Heinrich akaparadza monastersies, bhuku iri rakanga ratova nemakore mazana matatu.Mushure mehafu yechiuru, mushure mekudaidzwa kuti Ligfield Bible Bible "rakavhenekerwa" kutengesa mabhuku asingawanzo muLondon. Uchishandisa Grant uye Mipiro, iyo Canterbury Cathedral yakatenga iyo yezviuru zvemazana emapaunzi (anenge madhora zana nemakumi matatu). Kunyorerwa paLatin uye kwakashongedzwa zvakanaka, uku ndiko chete Bhaibheri mukuunganidzwa kwemabasa epakati ekathedhi uye rimwe remabhuku makumi matatu aive achiri muraibhurari yekutanga. Pamwe chete nemamwe mabasa ekare, Bhaibheri Rinoremerwa rave kunyorwa muUnited rejista.
4. Kutya mambo
Mambo weEngland Yakov ndakasangana nekutya kusingaenzaniswi, semhedzisiro yemazana eanenge eanenge aakaurayiwa. Aitya varoyi. Muna 1606, mambo aizoenda ku "Knol" kune yake pfuma Thomas Swville. Pane chiitiko ichi, saxiivil akagadzirira makamuri makumi mashanu emakamuri eimba yake. Zvaisazivikanwa kwemazana emakore, asi mupfuma akachengetawo kuchengetedza mambo wevaroyi.
Muna 2014, zviratidzo zvinowanikwa mukuziva, zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira wizani kuti isvike kumakamuri ehumambo. Vakanga vari pasi pemabholadhi, pamatanda uye kutenderedza nzvimbo yemoto (yaive nzvimbo yemoto yaionekwa seyakafarirwa nzira yevaroyi kuti ipinde mumba). Aya mavara akatemwa uye akapiswa mumuti, uye akagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekudzivirira kwemhandara Maria. Kuti abate mweya yakaipa, kwaibva kuna Bharishiti inonzi misungo yemadhimoni.
5 Uchapupu hwekuvapo kweMambo Arthur
Uchapupu hwekuvapo kwechivanze chaMambo Arthur akawanikwa muChebhazill, asi vatendi chete vanotenda mumutongi wengano anobvumirana navo. Kune iyo yakasara yemakore 1300-yekare-yekare inoratidza chero chinhu.Muna 2018, vanodzivirira vechisikwa vakawana dombo munharaunda yeTinagel, tsika yekuzvarwa kwaMambo Arthur. Kwemazana emakore, nzvimbo ino yakaongororwa nezviuru zvevanhu vaida kuratidza kuvapo kwake. Pakupedzisira, pane imwe yeWindows Windows Bight pane 0.61 metres, vakawana chinonakidza. Ehezve, pakanga pasina chinyorwa "Arthur aive pano", asi munhu akadzidziswa akanyatsocheka pawindo.
Tsamba dzeLatin, mavara echiKristu, mazita echiRoma uye celtic aive akavezwa nemunhu anoziva evhangeri yeruoko kwenguva iyoyo. Zvirinani, zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vaigara muTintagle vaive veganhu yakakwirira-tsika, kwete vekare vekuBararians. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti yaive pekugara kweumambo.
6. Raibhurari yekare muGermany
Muna 2018, vanochera matongo kubva kuCologne vakatanga kuwedzera Chechi yekare yePurotesitendi. Kana kujekesa ndima, timu yakawana matongo pasi payo. Matongo akadaro aisashamisika, nekuti nzvimbo ino yaigara ichigarwa makore anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Varoma vakatanga guta reColonia pamukowani wegore ramakumi mashanu rezuva reNguva yatinogara muhurumende yemunharaunda muna 85 yezuva redu. Nekudaro, kugadzwa kwechimiro ichi kwainge kusiri pachena.
Kufunga kwekutanga kuti misangano yeruzhinji yakaitwa muchivako yakakonzerwa nemadziro asina kujairika. Kunyangwe hazvo pakanga pasina madziro akafanana neakadzika munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji veRoma, madziro akadai anowana muEfeso muTurkey, kwaive ne library inozivikanwa.
Nechikonzero ichi, vanochera matongo vanotenda kuti nheyo idzi ndedzeruzhinji raibhurari yekare yeGerman. Yakavakwa muzana remakore rechipiri, zvingangove zvine nyaya mbiri uye dzakatemerwa makumi maviri emamita 9. Kamwe nzvimbo iyi yakachengetwa anenge zviuru makumi maviri ematehwe uye mapepa ekutanga.
7. Shanduro yeBhaibheri nhoroondo
Kwemakumi emakore, paphyrus paIjipita akakanganikwa nevanhu vese muNew York Metropolitan Museum Museum Museum. Muna 2018, vaongorori vakatofunga zvekare kuti vatarise kugadzirwa. Zvese zvakazivikanwa nezve repyrus ndezvekuti yakawanikwa muna 1934 pasi pePiramidhi yaFarao Senuserta I. Gwaro rine makore angangoita makore 1500 hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika.Mushure mekunyatsodzidza, zvakazoitika kuti zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa munguva apo Chikristu chichiitwa muIjipita. Papyrus yaive nemashiripiti mashiripiti, vamwe vakadana kuna Mwari. "Icho chinonzwikwa kuti chokwadi chekuti Mwari anonzi" avo vanotungamira muurayi wemhosva. " Kunyangwe Papius asingatauri neTestamente Itsva, vanhu vanoverengeka kubva kuBhaibheri rechiJuda vanonzi. Nechikonzero ichi, vaongorori vanofunga zvinyorwa nekusiyana kwezvakaitika zvinotsanangurwa mubhuku raGenesi, apo Mwari akarayira Abrahamu kuti abayire mwanakomana wake Isaka.
Bhuku raGenesi rinoti Mwari akadzivirira kufa kwaIsaka, asi mune nyota iyi nyaya inotsanangura zviitiko nenzira yakadai kuti Isaka akabayirwa. Sezvineiwo, ichi hachisi chinyorwa chekare chekare chinoti Abrahamu akauraya mwanakomana wake.
8. Mavara ehupfumi echikoro
Muna 2018, iyo University yeSouth Denmark yakasarudza kudzokorora raibhurari yake yechikoro, uye bhuku racho rakanyatsojeka reiyo renissance epoch. Mapatya enguva iyoyo anofunga nezvezvakarega zvematehwe kwete uye achivashandisa nekusunga mabhuku matsva, asi ivo vanomiririra kukosha kukuru kwemasayendisiti. Manyoro matatu akasarudzwa kubva muunganidzwa wemabhuku asingawanzo. Kuti uone kuti zvifukidzo zvavo zvaigadzirwa kubva kuzvinyorwa zvekare, mumwe nemumwe wavo akaongororwa pasi peiyo chaiyo X-ray microscope.
Zvaive zvisina basa kutarisa akashama neziso, nekuti zvifukidzo zveManyoro zvakapendwa neye green pendi. Pfungwa yacho yaive yekushandisa fluorescence kuti ione yakavanzika inks. Izvo zvakazoitika kuti pendi multraviolet inopenya nekuda kwezviri zvemukati yeArseni mukati mayo. Iyi pigment yakasvibira yaive isina hupfumi hweMuchina Era. Yakakura Arsenic yakashandiswa kugadzira ruvara rwakakurumbira runonzi Paris yakasvibira, iyo yakashandiswa kwese kwese.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, vaViintern vakapfeka zvipfeko zvine muchetura, vakanyepedzera masitampu akasvinwa uye vaigara mudzimba dzimba nedzimba neine chepfu girini. Izvi zvinouraya kuToxin hazvirasikirwe nesimba raro nekufamba kwenguva, usaravira uye hazvimonyere. Chimwe chokwadi chinotyisa ndechekuti vadzidzi vanoita izvi mabhuku matatu pamwe vakabatikana arsenic kuburikidza neganda.
9. diary kumashure kwepasi
Kana iyo yekare french alpine castle yakagadziriswa muna 2018, akabvisa maonoboard ari mukamuri riri pamusoro wepamusoro. Zvinoshamisa kuti pane reverse pasi pasi, vakawana diary yemumwe mazuva ane makore makumi matatu nemasere jochim martin kubva mumusha weLe Mrot. Mu72 zvinyorwa nepenzura dated 1880 - 1881, Martin akataura zvakawanda nezvake. Izvi zvakapa pfungwa inoshamisa isingawanzo yehupenyu hwemusha wezana rexix.Kushanda pakuvakwa kwehare semuvezi, Martin, uyo aive akaroora, akanyora nezvemupristi wavakareruka anogara akazvipira kune wese munhu mumutsara. Akanyora zvakare chakavanzika: Martin aiziva kuti shamwari yake yevaBenjamini yaive nevana vatanhatu kubva kuna vatenzikadzi vake, uye iwo mana akaurayiwa nababa vavo. Martin akanyora pachena, achitsanangura zvinhu zvaasina kutadza kutaura pachena, nekuti aiziva kuti panguva iyo mumwe munhu aizowana ndangariro dzake, angadai akafa kune idzo trote.
Pashure pokunge vhura "diary-dhigi", vaongorori vakadzidziswa apo Ioachim Martin akararama (1842-1897) kuti aive nevana vana, uye kuti akatamba violin. Tsamba yaakanyora kubvunza kutsiva mupristi yakawanikwa gare gare.
10. Kubiridzira nemipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa
Kune vatengi vezvinobatsira mumusika wekare - vapfumi evhangeri. Ivo vava kutova kwemazana emakore zvidimbu zvisingawanzoitika zvekufa kweGungwa Rakafa. Mipumburu iyi ine zvikamu zveBhaibheri revaJudha, ndedzipi makore 1000 vakuru pane mamwe masosi, saka saizvozvi zvakagadzirira kubhadhara mamirioni kunyange kune chidimbu chidiki. Zvakangodaro, vatengi vakapfuma vakafanana vanokwezvawo hunyengeri.
Muna 2017, nyanzvi dzakanyevera kuti ruzhinji rwezvimedu mukutenderera zvinogoneka. Muchokwadi, ivo vanotya kuti makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ezvimedu makumi manomwe neshanu ekufamba kubva mumaoko kusvika paruoko kubva muna2002 its fake. Dambudziko rakakura, zvisinei, vatengi. Vazhinji vacho vakapofumadzwa nepfungwa yezvimedu zvavanoramba kutenda mune zvakanyengerwa.