Art ndeimwe yekutsanangura maficha evanhu, uye kana uchigadzira hunyanzvi unoshandisa huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwakasiyana kune homo sapiens: template kuzivikanwa, kusanzwisisika kwemotokari, kupokana zvigunwe uye kugona kwekuronga. Art, kusanganisira pendi, nyaya uye mimhanzi, zvakashandiswa nevanhu vekutanga pamberi pekutanga kwetsamba, uye kubvira ipapo tsika imwe neimwe yakagadzira shanduro dzayo. Asi mune imwe neimwe mhando yeunyanzvi, kwaigara paine chimwe chinhu chinotanga kuita kuti zvese zvatanga.
1. Kutanga katuni (1908)
Midzi yekatuni inogona kuteedzerwa kusvika iyo 1650s nemarambi emashiripiti enguva iyoyo. Munyika 1800s, aya akatanga kukudziridza nekuda kwekubuda kwemidziyo yekugadzira optical kunyepedzera, senge taumatridge, zootrope uye kinographi. Zvadaro, apo firimu rakagadzirwa, mune mamwe mafirimu akaisa masekondi mashoma emiramu pakati pemapuranga chaiwo. Iyo yekutanga yakazara firimu (katuni) yakasikwa chete muna 1908 neFrench caricaturist Emil kolham uye yakanzi "fantasmagoria". Kazhinji, sezvo ini ndaishandisa mazana manomwe emazana, uye zvakamutora mavhiki mashoma kuti apedze katuni. "Fantasmagoria" inogara pamasekonzi 80 uye haina imwe nyaya yenyaya. Zvinotanga nemaoko ake akapenda chimiro chikuru, uye ipapo hunhu uhwu hunopfuura kuburikidza neakasiyana-siyana adventures idzo dziri kugara dzichitendeuka kuita zvimwe zviitiko zvebhavari.2. Chekutanga chimiro firimu (1903)
Tekinoroji yakazotungamira mukubuda kwemabhaisikopo, yakatanga kukura muma 1880s, uye mafirimu ekutanga aive akanyorwa. Semuenzaniso, vaviri vakanyanya kuzivikanwa kubva mumafirimu ekutanga vaive tepi inoratidza kusvika kwechitima kuchiteshi, uye vhidhiyo yechipiri ine gumi nevaviri vachitsvoda vanhu. Mukuwedzera, nekuda kwezvirambidzo zvehunyanzvi, mafirimu epakutanga, semutemo, akagara pasi peminiti uye kazhinji airatidza chiitiko chimwe chete.
Firimu, iro rakachinja izvi zvese, richiva mufirimu wekutanga wehunyanzvi nehurongwa, raive nyaya, "gororo rakakura rechitima." Firimu remaminitsi gumi nembiri, iyo yakabviswa muEdison uye Director Edwin Porter, inotaura nyaya yevakakomberedzwa mapoka avo vanobira chitima, uye panguva yekudzingirira zvachose uye kupfura kunofa.
"Kurova kukuru" kwakaburitsa shanduko muindasitiri yefirimu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati. Yakanga iri nguva yekutanga yakawanda tekinoroji akasiyana akashandiswa. Yakanga zvakare yaive yekurwa kwekutanga uye kumadokero.
3. Kutanga Comic (1827)
Nhasi, munhu wese akashanda kumazimazuva pamusoro penyama, asi iyo yekutanga yenyika comic haina chekuita navo. Zvinotendwa kuti aya ndiwo "adventures of Obadia Oldbak" pamapeji makumi mana aine 6-12 madhiri pane imwe neimwe, yakagadzirwa neSwitzer Rudolph Toler muna 1827. Pakanga pasina "makore" nemazwi anobhururuka kunze kwemiromo yevatambi, zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa pasi pazasi mufananidzo.Iyo comic inoudzwa nyaya yeObadia Oldbak, uyo akadanana nemukadzi akakwana kwazvo, uyo akazotevera akarasika uremu. Ari kuyedza kuzadzisa chokwadi chose uye kusapindirana kuti passuye itshandudzwe mafomu. Vatsoropodzi panguva iyoyo, uye kunyange iwo musime, aisatenda kuti basa raizove mutsva. Ivo vakangofunga kuti chingave "ngano" kune vana uye vanhu vanozvidzora "makirasi akaderera".
4. Kutanga Mufananidzo (1826)
Nekuuya kweDhijitari Makamera, mapikicha ave chikamu chehupenyu. Muna 2013, mifananidzo 250 mifananidzo yakaiswa kuFacebook, uye zuva rega rega rakawedzerwa mazana matatu emamirioni mafoto. Uye ichi ingori imwe yenhamba yenharaunda, vangani varipo. Kuzivikanwa kwemifananidzo kunogona kuteedzerwa kumurume wechiFrench yehembe dzeNispex uye zvigadzirwa zvaro, makamera-mambokadzi.
Dambudziko neyechinzvimbo kamera yaive yekuti kwaive nemaawa masere ekuratidzira kugadzirisa mufananidzo, uye kazhinji mufananidzo wacho wobva waita zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Imwe yevashoma yakachengetedzwa mumufananidzo wokutanga wepasirese "maonero kubva pahwindo mu le gra, inotorwa neNiems muna 1826.
5. Theatrical Chikamu (472 BC)
Zvinotendwa kuti mitambo yaive yakagadzirwa nevaGiriki vekare, uye pakutanga vakaratidza hunhu mumwe chete, hwainzi protagonist. Mutambi uyo aigara ari pamberi peboka revanhu anonzi "kwaya", uye choir yakabvunza mibvunzo yeProtaronist kukudziridza zano racho.Yekutanga yaive yakakurumbira chiGiriki yekutamba yechiGreek Eschil mumutambo wechipiri wekutamba. Iyewo munyori wekare akachekwa akachengetedzwa kutamba "Persia", ayo akatanga kuzadziswa muna 472 BC. Munhamo iyi mune mavara mana, uye anoudza nyaya yeAngels, Amai venyama, vakamirira kudzoka kwemwanakomana wake kubva kumushandirapamwe weGirisi. Musoro mukuru wemutambo ndewekuti kunyangwe nyika dzakasimba kwazvo dzinogona kuparadzwa nekuda kwehasha.
6. Bhuku rekare (600 BC)
Iyo yekare-yekare-peji peji ine mapeji matanhatu akabatana akagadzirwa neyegumi nendarama-carar goridhe uye mhete dzakasungirirwa. Iri bhuku rakawanikwa anopfuura makore makumi manomwe apfuura mubako padyo neRwizi Sruma kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero kweBulgaria. Iyo ine mifananidzo nezviratidzo zvezvinhu zvakadai semutasvi, mauto, murwi naMermaid.
Iri bhuku, kufambidzana kubva muna 600 BC, rakagadzirwa neEtrusca, iro rinoonekwa seimwe yevanhu vasinganzwisisike veEurope. Zvinotendwa kuti vakatama kubva kuRidia (Yazvino Turkey) uye vakagara kuchamhembe uye pakati peItari makore anenge 3000 apfuura. Nehurombo, zvakawanda zvezvinyorwa zveEtruscans zvakaparadzwa nevaRoma vakavaisa muzana ramakore rechina nerekare. Muzvakazara, makumi matatu egoridhe akadaro akawanikwa pasi rese, asi hapana kana mumwe wavo asina kubatana pamwe sebhuku regoridhe reEtruscans.
7. Nhetembo dzekare dzakachengetedzwa (2100 BC)
Kunyangwe nhetembo dzanhasi dzichinyanya kubatanidzwa nerudo uye romance, ivo vakatanga kushandiswa kutaura nyaya. Nhetembo dzakachengetedzwa dzakachengetedzwa, dziriwo dzekare dzekureva basa, ndiro "EMOS Hilgamesh" yevanonyorova wekare. Nhetembo yakanyorwa pazviratidzo gumi nembiri (izvo zvisina kuzaruka), inotsanangura mutongi wechifudzi, akatonga guta reUruk muMesopotamia. Kunyangwe zvazvitendwa kuti Hillgamesh aive munhu chaiye, nyaya nezvake, yakanyorwa pane zviratidzo, inyedzo.Mundundo, Hillgamesh inorondedzerwa senge demigodhi, muvaki mukuru, murwi uye sage. Anorwa nenzvimbo shage anonzi Enkid, aigara pakati pemhuka uye akasikwa naMwari. Hillgamesh anokunda, uye ivo vanova shamwari, uye vese vakanetseka huwandu hwekupenga, sekuponda nzombe yemashiripiti uye kupona mumafashama makuru.
Muna 2011, Suleyimania Museum muKurdistan akawana mapiritsi makumi matanhatu kubva kune vanorwadzisa, pakati pavo vakawana imwe mitsara makumi maviri yenhetembo dzekare zvakanyanya.
8. Rwiyo rwekare rwakachengetedzwa (3400 BC)
Mimhanzi yagara iri chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kuvanhu vazhinji, nekuti ane kugona kunoshamisa kufadza manzwiro akasiyana siyana mumunhu.
Zvinotendwa kuti vanhu vakagadzira mimhanzi senzira yekubatanidza vanhu vari munharaunda, izvo zvakanyanyisa kukosha mumapoka ekutanga evhimi uye vateresi. Pfungwa yenharaunda ine madzinza aive akakosha nekuti munhu wese aida kushanda muchikwata kuti ararame.
Kugadzirwa kwekunyora, kazhinji nziyo dzakatamiswa nemuromo, zvakanyanya mimhanzi yekutanga yakarasika. Chidimbu chekare cherwiyo chakawanikwa kutanga kwa1950s muUgarite, Siria. Akange akanyorwa pane clay charlite chiratidzo, icho chakanyangarika nekupera kweMireniyumu yechipiri kuenda kunze kweguva yekunze.
9. Iyo yekare yakachengetedzwa kuongorora (zviuru makumi matatu neshanu - 38,000 g. BC)
Muna 2008, kumaodzanyemba kweGermany, vanochera matongo vakawana chidimbu chekare kwazvo munyika, icho, maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana siyana kubva pamakore makumi matatu nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu emakore kusvika makumi mana emakore. Chifananidzo chakatumidzwa neVenus kubva kuWelsh, saizi yemunwe uye yakavezwa kubva kune iyo mivara yemammoni.Kufananidzirwa kunoitwa muchimiro chemuviri wemukadzi ane hypertropied; Haana maoko, makumbo uye misoro, asi zviri nyore kufunga mazamu makuru, matipi uye nhengo. Nhasi zvave kutoziviswa nechinangwa cheichi chifananidzo. Vamwe vanopokana kuti inomiririra kubereka uye kubereka, nepo vamwe vachitenda kuti ichi chiratidzo chehutano uye hurefu. Asi, nepo vanhu vasingagadzirisi nguva iyo mota uye harizodzore kutaura mutauro we orignak tsika, pamwe hapana munhu anoziva kuti zvaireva kuti chifananidzo kana icho chaishandiswa.
10. Iyo yekare yakachekwa mifananidzo (37,000 - 39,000 g. BC)
Zvinotendwa kuti vanhu vanotanga kuoneka muAfrica vanenge makore mazana maviri apfuura. Vanenge makore 50,000 apfuura, vakatamira mundima yeAustralia yazvino, vachiri kumisa chitsuwa cheSulawesi (Indonesia), uko nguva dzekabati dzekabati yakawanda dzakawanikwa. Nhasi, nerubatsiro rwenzira dzemazuva ano zvichienderana nekudonha kweranium, zera rechinhu chakafukidza madhirowa kwezviuru zvemakore akaedzwa. Uyu ndiwo mamucharari emarakisi, iwo unoumbwa kana mvura ichiyerera ichiyerera mudumbu mubako. Mhedzisiro yekudzidza yakaratidza kuti dzimwe pendi dzemakore anopfuura 39,000.
Pendi dzekare kwazvo dzekare mitezo yemaoko. Maartist akavasika nekuisa maoko padenga kana pamadziro ebako, uye vachipfira dhayi, vachisiya contour yeruoko.
Mumwe mufananidzo unowanikwa mubako, wakatarwa 35,400, unoratidzira mhuka yeBabirus. Zvichida ichi ndicho chekare chakakurumbira chekufananidzira dhizaini munyika.