Muchokwadi, nguva yese yenhoroondo yevanhu yaive chimwe chinhu chakaitwa sekusingaperi kuyedza kurarama uye kujairana nezvirwere zvese zvitsva, kazhinji zvinoisa kutyisidzira kwekuvapo kwevanhu serudzi. Pese paunouya nenzira itsva yekurwisa chirwere chakasiyana siyana chinotapukira, hutachiona hunoshanduka uye kushandurwa, kuve nani kujairana ne "chombo" chitsva chiri pedyo navo. Uye saka zvinoitika kwezviuru zvemakore. Yeuka matendel anotyisa kwazvo munhoroondo yevanhu, ayo akatyisidzira neungano yese.
1. Prehistoric Chuma
Zvinotendwa kuti hosha huru, yakaitika anenge makore 100,000 apfuura, panguva yePalolithiki nguva, zvakanyanyisa kuderedza huwandu hwevanhu, kunyanya, "kupenya" vanenge vese vechidiki. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti iyi denda rakaderedza huwandu hwe Africa kusvika pasi pevanhu zviuru gumi. Vanotsvagurudza vakasvika pamhedzisiro iyi, vachiratidza maviri majini chaiwo anogadzira nyanzvi dzisinganyanye kurwara nezvimwe zvirwere zvinokuvadza. Vanhu vane imwe gene yakanyangarika, uye imwe ikozvino haina kushanda. Pashure pokunge kupera kweHomo Pandomic yakatanga kukudziridza uye kugadzikana nekukurumidza, uye shanduko genetic inogona kubatsira mune izvi, yakadzikisa kurwara kwavo kune zvimwe zvirwere.2. Sweden
Nguva pfupi yadarika, miviri yakawanda yakawanikwa mumapako eSweden mumapako eSweden muSwedents iyo yakaparadza zvakanyanya yeiyo Ereeval Europe mune kakawanda. Zvinotendwa kuti kubuda uku kwedenda kwakapfuura kare masayendisiti anozivikanwa echizi dzezvakaitika kare. Kuonekwa kwehutachiona kwemitumbi yemakore 5000 apfuura muSweden inopa iyi zano rakanyanyisa kupokana. Pamberi peizvozvo, iyo yekutanga kuzivikanwa maswera Y. Pestis yaive yekuremekedza chete, iyo yakaisa Hondo yeByzantine pamabvi eaya makumi mana nemasere, kuuraya vanhu mazana maviri, kuuraya vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu.
Zvakare, masayendisiti aiziva kuti makore angangosvika zviuru zvishanu apfuura, huwandu hwakaderedzwa kwazvo nezvimwe zvikonzero. Vanotsvaga vava kutanga kufunga kuti vakawana iyo culprit yeizvi - iyo yekutanga "denda" denda ". Butterry ichiri kuchengetedzwa nhasi, saka panogona kunge paine mubvunzo unonzwisisika - saka kuti nei isiri iyo iyo iyo iyo yanyatso kuparadza chikamu chemuHurumende hweRoma, icho sedenda rezana reCentine, iro rakauraya kusvika pamakumi matanhatu muzana yehuwandu hweEurope. Mhinduro iri nyore - vanhu vakajaira uye vakajaira kurwa nevanhu vakasiyana siyana pakutanga.
3. Atene
Atene akatambura zvikuru kubva kune isinganzwisisike pathogen pakati pe430 kusvika makumi mana nemakumi mana nemashanu kusvika kuguva yedu. Hosha, inozivikanwa sedenda reAtene, dzakatadzisa zvakasimba zvirongwa zveguta-mukati mehondo yePeloponnesia. Hosha iyi inotsanangurwa zvakadzama mubasa rinozivikanwa chaizvo "nhoroondo yehondo yePeloponnesia", iyo inotsanangura chirwere ichi chakaparadza kupfuura chetatu chevaAtene. Munyori webasa iri, fucdide, akarondedzera zviratidzo zvechirwere ichi chine hutsinye zvakanyanya, kunyanya - kukosora kwakasimba, kurutsa uye kushungurudzika. Vanotsvagurudza havasati vava nechokwadi chekuti denda reAtene raive raivepo, asi pakati pekufungidzira kukuru ivo vanofunga cortex, chidiki kana zvimwe zvezvimwe zvirwere. Chaiyo chaiwo rwePathogen inoramba ichi chakavanzika, asi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Akakuvadza vanhu vanotyisa kuAtene. Zvinotendwa kuti iyi dengic yave chimwe chezvikonzero zvekudonha kwe classical greece.4 Denda Antonina
Kutanga kubva muna 165 ad, Humambo hweRoma hwakatanga kubuda hosha yedenda, iyo yakazova kutanga kwezviitiko zvakasviba zveHurumende. Nhasi, masayendisiti mazhinji anotenda kuti yaive denda redombo. Iva izvo sezvazvingaitika, mabos zvechokwadi anozununguka nheyo dzeumambo uye pakupedzisira akachinja nzira yenhoroondo. Denda Antonina raive rakanyanya kuuraya vanhu vanosvika 2000 pazuva, uye semhedzisiro, huwandu hweRoma hwakaderedzwa ne7 - zana muzana. Hondo yeRoma yakanyanya kukuvara, nekuti mauto akagara mumisasa yepedyo, uye akatapukirwa mumwe nemumwe. Izvi zvakakanganisa simba rehondo reRoma uye pakupedzisira rakabatsira mukuwedzera kweumambo. Izvo zvakachinjawo kushivirira kwehuwandu - nharaunda dzevanhu vakatanga kurarama kune mumwe nemumwe, zvakanyanya kugadzikana. Ashiridzo iyi yakambomira nzira yezvirimwa zveGerman, izvo zvakadzika muEurope, uye zvakare zvakazotungamira kuderera kusingadzivirirwe muHurumende yeRoma. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvinhu zviwanikwa zvepanyama uye zveupfumi, Roma yakanga iri munjodzi yakakomba, uye nekutenda kwese kune denda raiparadza vanhu vake.
5 Byzantine Humambo
Sezvambotaurwa, kubuda kwekutanga kwedenda reBubonic rakapfekedzwa pamabvi eBubicium (iyo Eastern Humambo). Zvinowanzonzi Justinian Cuma, sezvo panguva yamambo Justinian i muna 541 denda rakarohwa Constantinople, moyo weumambo, ndokuparadzira pamusoro pehupuparidzo hweRoma hweRoma pamusoro pegore rinotevera. Panguva ino, Justinian akatanga kudzorera Humambo hweRoma uye akawana kubudirira kwakakosha mumakwikwi ehondo kumadokero mukuedza kudzosa mukurumbira weRoma. Asi denda rakaisa muchinjiko pakuedza kwake. Kufanana nechirwere chakarova muEuropezana makore zana gare gare, zvakakonzerwawo nekutengeserana, uye zvainyanya kuendeswa kuburikidza nemapundu pamakonzo. Asi haana kumira, achibvisa chete Humambo hwekumabvazuva kweRoma. Pasina nguva denda racho rakatambanukira kuenderera mberi kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, dzakagara muEurope mushure mekudonha kweiyo chikamu chekumadokero kweHurumende yeRoma. Nekuda kweizvozvo, akauraya vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu.6 Medieval Europe
Ipapo rufu nhema kana denda guru rikasvika. Akasimuka muChina muna 1334 uye, kufanana nePlaga Justinian, akapararira kuEurope panzira dzekutengesa. Chirwere hapana chinogona kumira, uye muna 1348 akaparadza Europe, mushure meku "oblique" akapfuura nepakati peByzantine Humambo. Denda iri raive nehutsinye uye risingakanganwiki kuti panguva iyoyo yakaparadzwa kusvika makumi matanhatu muzana eEurope rese. Izvi zvakachinja zvakanyanya kukura kweEurope, nekuti zvishoma uye vashoma vanhu vaivimba neminamato uye vakatanga kufunga nezve kufambira mberi kwesainzi. Tsika yakagamuchirawo kusimba kwakasimba kukura, uye mumakore akatevera chikamu chikuru cheiyo huru yekare yekare.
7 America.
Akabva atoonekwa matenderekere ezvirwere muAmerica. Opa yakatanga kuoneka mumakoroni eFlorida, Carolina naVirlina naMirginia muna 1519 uye vakaparadza huwandu hwekwavo mushure mekunge zvaunzwa kumicheto yeEuropean. Muna 1633, chirwere ichi chakasvika Massachusetts. Nekuda kwekuti iyo inonzi inonzi mutsva uye yekare yakabviswa zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, maIndia maAmerican haana kuve asina kudzivirirwa kusvika kune hutachiona hweEurope, dzakadai semitambo, denda uye kunyanya gasi. Osap ainyanya kunyanya nehasha pasi pechiedza chitsva uye aiparadzirwa kuCentral neSouth America, anenge achiparadza Humambo hweAztec. Mumakore zana chete (hafu yenguva yedenda remurongo wechidiki, akaparadza 90 muzana yevagari vevaAztecs, avo vanhu vane vanhu vane mamirioni gumi nematanhatu kusvika pamamirioni 1,3. Zvirwere izvi zvakauraya vanhu vazhinji zvekuti nevamwe vanhu mazana mashanu ezviuru chete maAmerican vakaramba vari vapenyu. Izvi zvinogadzira tarisiro dzeAmerica pakati pezvakaipisisa munhoroondo yevanhu.8 chazvino chumba
Iyo inonzi denderedzwa razvino paChina paChina dzakapoteredza 1860, uye yaive imwe yenguva dzose denda hutsinye, izvo zvinogona kunzwiwa nezve zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Akawira pasi paHong Kong muna 1894 uye akaremara kwemamwe makore makumi maviri, aine hupenyu hwevanhu vanenge mamirioni gumi. Zvakare, denda rakapararira kuIndia. Panguva ino, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana chikonzero chedenda - chaive chikwangwani icho chaichengetwa makonzo (kazhinji pane ngarava kana kutengesa macaravans). Vanhu vakazadzidzwa kurapa chirwere uye kunyange kudzivirira kubuda mune denda.
9 PolioMyelitis
Iyo inopenya yePolio yaityisa, uye nhasi kuchine vapenyu vanhu vanorangarira dambudziko iri. Poliooditis inokonzerwa naPolyovirus, iyo inorwisa nehasha system yemunhu, inokonzeresa marudzi ese ekuvhundutsa mhedzisiro, uye kuuraya vanhu vazhinji. Kunyanya chirwere chakarova vana vari pasi pemakore mashanu. Apidemic yakasvika kuAponee muUnited States muna 1952, uye vanachiremba vasina kubudirira kutsvaga chero nzira yekurapa chirwere. Muna 1933, zviuru zvishanu zviitiko zveMalalytic Poliommyelitis dzakanyoreswa muUnited States, uye pakazosvika 1952 nhamba iyi yakawedzera kusvika 59,000, i.e. kanopfuura gumi. Pakupedzisira, PolioMyolitis akakwanisa kumira kana masango maviri akarwadziswa.
10 HIV
Zvinoita sekuti hutachiona hweHIV ndeyekupedzisira kweiyo yehukama iyo yakarova pasi pasi (mune chero nguva, panguva ino). Chirwere ichi chave chakapararira pakati pe1980s. Dzoka muna 1981, nzvimbo dzekutonga dzehutsinye muUnited States dzakatanga kuburitsa zvinhu uye dzinotevedzera hutachiona hwekuparadzira, izvo zvakaita zviuru zvehupenyu. Muna 1986, CDC yakazivisa kuti muna 1985 AIDS yakawanikwa mune nhamba yakakura yevanhu pane mumakore ese apfuura vakatorwa pamwe chete. Kwaive kurwadziswa nekukurumidza, kunyangwe muguva yezviitiko zveDigital zvine redhiyo dzakapararira, terevhizheni nemakomputa. Chirwere chakaramba ichiparadza nyika mukati ma1990 uye 200s. Asi vanhu vakatambudzika nokutuka uku uye kwakawedzera zvinodhaka zvehutachiona uye dzimwe nzira dzekurapa, dzingagona kudzora hutachiona. Nhasi, mishonga uye masango e "hosha yezana ramakore rechi20" ichiri kuvandudzwa, uye mabhiriyoni emadhora akatopedzwa pairi.