Akenshi, papirusi, amabuye ninkwi birimo amakuru yingirakamaro kandi bagatanga abahanga mu buvumbuzi butangaje ku buzima bwamagana na Milynia ishize. Abanditsi badasanzwe cyangwa ibikorwa bitazwi byimiterere izwi ni "hejuru ya ausberg gusa", kandi imvugo uyumunsi izabigeraho.
1. Ubuvuzi bwa kera bwo muri Egiputa
Mu murwa mukuru wa Danemark, Copenhagen ni icyegeranyo kidasanzwe cyandikishijwe intoki zo muri Amerika. Ntabwo bose babisobanuye, kandi mu bahanga mu 2018 bimukiye mu nyandiko nyinshi z'ubuvuzi. Byaragaragaye ko izi nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki "ziva mu isomero rya kera ku rusengero muri Tebtunis, zabayeho kugeza 200 bc Kandi yashinzwe igihe kinini mbere yisomero rizwi muri Alegizandiriya.Muri disikuru imwe, babwiwe ku mpyiko zabantu, kandi ibi byanze bifatika byanze ibyo bahanga bavuga ko Abanyamisiri batazi ku mibiri. Indi matariki yinyandiko kuva kuri 3500, iyo inyandiko yuburayi itarabaho. Yasobanuye ikizamini cyihariye cyo gutwita, nyuma cyavuzwe nk'umuti w'Ubudage mu 1699. Ishimangira ingaruka zimyaka igihumbi yimiti ya kera yo muri Egiputa, ikunze kwibagirwa bitewe ninyandiko zikomeye z'Abagereki n'Abaroma. Mu cyegeranyo cya Copenhagen, harakora kandi ku kuraguza inyenyeri, ibimera, n'ibindi.
2. Gusuzuma Galen ya Hysterium
Mu bihe byashize, abaganga bizeraga ko nyababyeyi y'umugore ashobora "kuzerera" hanyuma akatera uburakari. Aho "yazengurutse", ntiyigeze asobanura, ariko umuganga umwe w'Abaroma ntiyigeze ashyigikiye iyi ngingo. Izina rye ni Galen (30-210 G. N.e.). Igikorwa cyuyu muganga uzwi cyabaye imfuruka yukuri nyuma yaje guhinduka imiti igezweho. Ariko, kuvumbura vuba aha byerekanaga ko na Galen yibeshye, kandi cyane.
Byose byatangiranye na papirusi wimyaka 2000, ntamuntu numwe washoboraga gusoma ibinyejana bine. Inyandiko ku mpande zombi z'inyandiko yasaga nkaho yakoreshejwe mu ndorerwamo, "indogobe hakiri kare." Kubera ko iyi papirusi yarihishe muri kaminuza ya Bususs Archive y'ibinyejana byinshi, abahanga bashoboye kubona inyandiko yangiritse muri 2018. Ibaruwa yo kugaruka ntabwo yari ifite amayobera.
Inyandiko yari igizwe nimpapuro nyinshi zumye hamwe, kandi ibyo byakozwe nabi. Byaragaragaye ko ari akazi katazwi Galen, wasobanuye kwisuzumisha hysteria. Byaravuzwe ko icyateye iyi ndwara ari ukubura imibonano mpuzabitsina. Galen yatekereje, kubera iyo mpamvu, umugore ashobora guhura na "guhumeka hysterical" cyangwa apnea.
3. yagaruye Bibiliya idasanzwe
Imbaraga zitabarika kandi ibitabo byabuze mugihe cya Heinrich VIII. Abenshi mu banyejego bafunzwe mu kinyejana cya XVI mu kinyejana cye mu kinyejana cya XVI, imwe muri yo yari katedrali ya kanseri. Muri iki kibazo, isomero rinini mu bitabo 30.000 byarazimiye. Muri 2018, byashobokaga kumenya kimwe muri ibyo byinshi byatakaye - Bibiliya idasanzwe yo hagati. Igihe Umwami Heinrich yangizaga impfazi, iki gitabo cyari kimaze imyaka 300.Nyuma yigice igihumbi, nyuma yicyitwa Ligfield Bibiliya "yamuritse" muri cyamunara ibitabo bidasanzwe i Londres. Gukoresha inkunga n'impano, Cathedrale ya Cantedrale yaguze ibiro 100.000 bya sterling (hafi $ 130.000). Byanditswe mu kilatini kandi cyarimbishijwe neza, iyi niyo Bibiliya yonyine mu cyegeranyo cy'imirimo yo mu kiva cyo muri Katedrali na kimwe mu bitabo 30 byari bikiri mu isomero ry'umwimerere. Hamwe nizindi mirimo ya kera, uburimi bwa Bibiliya ubu bushyizwe kurutonde rwa UNESCO.
4. Gutinya Umwami
Umwami w'Ubwongereza Yakov Nabonye ubwoba budasanzwe, kubera abayoboke be babarirwa mu magana barishwe. Yatinyaga n'abapfumu. Mu 1606, umwami yari agiye kuza kuri Parike ya "knol" kubabitsi be Thomas Schville. Kuri uyu munsi, Saxivil ifite ibyumba bihebuje mu munara w'inzu ye. Ntabwo byagaragaye mu binyejana byinshi, ariko umubitsi na we yitaye kuri kurinda umwami w'abapfumu.
Muri 2014, ibimenyetso byabonetse mubitekerezo, bigenewe kubuza abapfumu kugera mubyumba bya cyami. Bari munsi y'ikibaho, ku biti no ku nkombe z'umuriro (hari hafatwa nk'ubusa yafatwaga akarere keza kubapfumu bakinjira mu nzu). Izi nyuguti zari zaciwe kandi zitwikwa mu giti, kandi zigamije kurinda umutekano Mariya. Kugira ngo mfate imyuka mibi, hari kandi labyrint yiswe imitego kubadayimoni.
5 Icyemezo cyubuzima bwa Arthur
Ibimenyetso byerekana ko hariho urugo rw'umwami Arthur wasangaga muri Cornwall, ariko abizera bonyine ni bo bizera umutegetsi w'icyamamare bemeranya nabo. Erega ibihangano byimyaka 1300 bisigaye byerekana ikintu icyo aricyo cyose.Muri 2018, abunganira kamere babonye ibuye mu gihome cya Tintagel, busanzwe basuzumye Umwami Arthur. Mu binyejana byashize, aha hantu hasuzumwe abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bashaka kwerekana ko babaho. Hanyuma, kuri imwe mu madirishya ya Windows 0,61, babonye ibisobanuro bishimishije. Birumvikana ko, Arthur yari hano ", ariko umuntu wize yaciwe ku idirishya.
Amabaruwa y'Ikilatini, abantu bavugwa mu bakristu, amazina y'Abaroma na celtic yakozwe n'umuntu umenyereye Amavanjiri yakoresheje muri kiriya gihe. Nibura, byerekanaga ko abantu babayeho muri Tinagle bari umuco mwinshi, ntabwo abanyabinyabikorwa bo mu gihe cyo hagati. Birashoboka ko ari inzu ya cyami.
6. Isomero rya kera mu Budage
Muri 2018, abacukuzi b'ivya kera baturutse muri Cologne batangiye kwagura itorero ry'abaporotesitanti. Iyo uhanaguye akarere, itsinda ryabonye amatongo munsi yacyo. Amatongo nkaya ntiyatangaje, kuko ako gace gahombye gahamye imyaka irenga 2000. Abanyaroma bashinze umujyi wa Coloniya kuri Rhine mu mwaka wa 50 w'igihe cyacu kandi bigira ihuriro ry'ubutegetsi bw'ibanze muri 85 z'igihe cyacu. Ariko, ishyirwaho ryiyi miterere ntibyagaragaye neza.
Gutekereza hakiri kare inama rusange zabereye mu nyubako zatewe n'inkike zidasanzwe. Nubwo nta nkoni zigezeho n'ibice rusange byabantu, inkuta nkizo zaboneka muri Efeso muri Turukiya, aho hari isomero rizwi.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo ubu bemeza ko urufatiro ruri mu isomero rya kera ry'Ubudage. Yubatswe mu kinyejana cya kabiri, birashoboka ko byari amateka abiri kandi akanyuramo metero 20 x 9. Aha hantu hateganijwe, impu zigera ku 20.000 na papyrus.
7. Version yamateka ya Bibiliya
Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, Papyrus yo mu Misiri yari yibagiwe abantu bose bo mu nzu ndangamurage nshya ndangamurage. Muri 2018, abashakashatsi bongeye gufata umwanzuro wo kureba ibihangano. Ikintu cyose kizwi kuri papirusi nuko yabonetse mu 1934 munsi ya piramide ya Farama Seneserta I. Inyandiko ifite imyaka 1500 itigeze ihinduka.Nyuma yo kwiga witonze, byagaragaye ko inyandiko yanditse mugihe ubukristo bukorwaga mu Misiri. Papyrus irimo ubumaji, bamwe bahamagaye Imana. Ifite amatsiko kuba ko Imana yise "abayoboka bimukira bimwitira." Nubwo Papius atavuga Isezerano Rishya, abantu benshi bo muri Bibiliya y'Abayahudi bitiriwe izina. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abashakashatsi babona ko inyandiko ari itandukaniro ry'ibyabaye mu gitabo cy'Intangiriro, igihe Imana yategekaga Aburahamu gutamba umuhungu we Isaka ku musozi wa Moriya.
Igitabo cy'Itangiriro kivuga ko Imana yabujije urupfu rwa Isaka, ariko muri papirusi inkuru isobanura ibyabaye ku buryo Isaka yatambwaga. Igishimishije, iyi ntabwo inyandiko yambere ya kera ivuga ko Aburahamu yishe umuhungu we.
8. Ibitabo by'amashuri bifite uburozi
Muri 2018, kaminuza yo mu majyepfo ya Danemark yahisemo kongera isomero ryishuri, kandi mubyukuri igitabo cya renaissance. Amagambo yicyo gihe yabonaga impu zishaje nta kisobanuro kandi abakoresha muguhuza ibitabo bishya, ariko bahagarariye agaciro gakomeye kubahanga. Inyandiko eshatu zandikishijwe intoki zatoranijwe mu cyegeranyo cyibitabo bidasanzwe. Kugira ngo umenye niba inkoni zabo zakozwe mu nyandiko zakozwe, buri kimwe muri byo cyasuzumwe munsi ya microscope idasanzwe ya X-Ray.
Ntabwo byari bimaze gusa kureba ijisho ryambaye ubusa, kuko igifuniko cyandikishijwe intoki cyashushanijwe nicyatsi kibisi. Igitekerezo cyari ugukoresha ibinuye kugirango umenye ibirindiro byihishe. Byaragaragaye ko amarangi muri ultraviolet yaka kubera ibikubiye muri arsenic muri yo. Iyi pirisi yicyatsi yari ubuntu bunini bwigihe cya Victorian. Arsenic nini yakoreshejwe mugukora ibara rizwi cyane ryitwa Paris icyatsi, cyakoreshejwe ahantu hose.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, abatsinze bambaraga imyenda y'uburozi, bahangana na posita na Arsenike kandi babaga mu mazu bafite icyayi gifite uburozi. Iyi toxin yica ntabwo ibura imbaraga zayo mugihe, nturyohe kandi ntuhumura. Undi kintu giteye ubwoba nuko abanyeshuri basezeranye nibitabo bitatu birashoboka ko bashinze Arsenic banyuze muruhu.
9. Diary inyuma ya etage
Iyo igihome gishaje cya Alpine cyasanwe muri 2018, cyakuyeho ubwato mucyumba kiri hejuru. Igitangaje ni uko ku ruhande rw'isonga, basanze ikarita y'umuntu wa Joachim w'imyaka 38 w'imyaka 38 uhereye mu mudugudu wa Le Mrot. Muri 72 hanoting ikaramu yanditswe 1880 - 1881, Martin yavuganye byinshi kuri we. Ibi byatanze igitekerezo kidasanzwe cyubuzima bwumudugudu cya XIX Centre.Gukora mu kubaka ikigo nk'umubaji, Martin, washakanye, wanditse ku mupadiri wangiritse yaho yahoraga asezeranya abantu bose bikurikiranye. Yanditse kandi ibanga rikomeye: Martin yari azi ko Benyamini we ubwanyo yari afite abana batandatu ba nyirabuja, kandi ko bane muri bo bishwe na se. Martin yanditse mu buryo bwenze, asobanura ibintu atashoboraga kuvuga ku mugaragaro, kuko yari azi ko mugihe umuntu yabona ibyo yibuka, yari gupfa kuri sano.
Amaze gufungura "Diary yimbaho", abashakashatsi batoje igihe ioachim Martin yabayeho (1842-1897) ko yari afite abana bane, kandi yakinnye inanga. Iyo baruwa yanditse yo gusaba gusimbuza padiri yabonetse nyuma.
10. Uburiganya hamwe ninyanja yapfuye
Hariho abaguzi b'unguka mu isoko rya kera - abavugabutumwa bakire. Basanzwe baririmba ibinyejana byinshi bikaba bidasanzwe byimpfu zo mu nyanja y'Umunyu. Iyi mizingo irimo ibice bya Bibiliya y'Abayahudi, ifite imyaka 1000 yakuze andi masoko, abavugabutumwa biteguye kwishyura amamiriyoni ndetse no ku gice gito. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abaguzi bakize nabo bakurura abahwanye.
Muri 2017, impuguke zaburiye ko ibice byinshi byo kuzenguruka ari ibishobora kubeshya. Mubyukuri, batinya ko 90 ku ijana ibice 75 bimuka bava ku kuboko kugeza ku ntoki kuva 2002 ari impimbano. Ikibazo gikomeye, ariko, abaguzi. Benshi muribo bahumye amaso nigitekerezo cyo gutunga ibice banze kwizera ibyashutswe.