Nubwo igihano cyurupfu cyakoreshejwe cyane, bimaze kubaho mubikorwa bya buri munsi. Akenshi yahamije abagizi ba nabi bahamwe n'iyicarubozo ubugome bwo kwerekana ibyo bategereje byose kurenga ku mategeko. Hirya no hino kwisi muri buri gihugu byari bifite uburyo bwabo bwo gupfa.
Kenshi na kenshi, igitekerezo nuko umugizi wa nabi arwaye igihe kirekire gishoboka, kandi akenshi ibisigazwa akenshi bishyira amafaranga yo gusuzugura ako kanya. Dutanga ingero zimwe muburyo bukabije kandi buteye ubwoba bwo gukemura mugihe cya kera.
1. linchi (gukata buhoro)
Lynchi yari uburyo bwo gukorerwa ubugome mu Bushinwa, bwakorwaga kugeza ku 1905. Ntabwo ari ibintu byinshi bito byinyama byaciwe kuva uhohotewe kugeza apfuye azize amaraso. Abicanyi bakeneye guca ibiryo by'inyama bashoboka, batishe uwahohotewe. Ubu buryo bwamenyekanye kandi nk '"urupfu ruva mu bihumbi."
Lynchi yavutse mu kinyejana cya X maze atangazwa n'amategeko mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Kuva yakoraga imyaka irenga 100 ishize, iyi ni imwe mu nzira nke zo kwicwa kuva kurutonde, wafashwe amashusho kuri firime. Igikorwa cyo kwicwa cyaterwaga nibintu byinshi, nkubuhanga n'imbabazi by'ubwicanyi, hamwe n'uburemere bw'icyaha gitunganye.
Dukurikije inyandiko zimwe na zimwe zabitswe ku ngoma ya ming, uhereye ku wahohotewe zashoboraga guca ibice bigera ku 3.000 kugeza apfuye, igihe yapfaga, igihe yavugaga ko inzira yose yigaruriwe iminota 15. Rimwe na rimwe, bahamwe n'icyaha, ariko ntibyasobanutse, barabikoze kugira ngo bababaye byinshi cyangwa bike (ibi bikaba bishobora kubafata mu gihe kirekire). Linchi yari umwe mu nzira nyamukuru y "ibihano bitanu" - igipimo cyibihano bitewe nurwego rwubukana. Uwahohotewe ntashobora no kwica, ariko "gusa" gutema izuru, amaguru cyangwa guhita.
2. Kubona
Mu bihe byagati mu Burayi, abahohotewe babonye igice cya Komisiyo nk'ibi, nk'ubupfumu, gusambana, ubwicanyi, gutuka. Ingoma y'Abaroma yahisemo gushyira umuntu kubona atambitse, mu gihe Abashinwa bari bafite ububi, bacecetse abahohotewe, barabicecekesha, bava mu rukebe. Ubu buryo bwari bufite akamaro mubyukuri kuba abahohotewe bababaye, kuko ubwonko bwari ubwinshi bwamaraso bwo gutanga ubwenge.
Nk'uko byatangajwe n'amateka ya Tzech Gussitsky, icyo gihe abahohotewe babonye amaboko n'amaguru yabo, bimuka ibikomere n'itara, hanyuma nyuma yabo babonye abakatiwe bahamwe na kimwe cya kabiri. Naho Roma ya kera, Caligula, nkuko mubizi, yakundaga gusangira, kureba uko abantu basohoza abantu muburyo busa, bishimira imibabaro yabo.
3. Inzovu
Uzwi kandi nka "Gung Rao", ubu buryo bwibihano bwakoreshejwe cyane muri Aziya n'Ubuhinde, nubwo hari ibimenyetso byerekana ubu buryo bibaho mu bihugu by'iburengerazuba (ariko mu bihe bidasanzwe). Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'inzovu ryari uburyo buzwi cyane mu Buhinde kuva mu gihe cyo hagati. Abahohotewe bakunze kugira abasirikari b'abanzi cyangwa abasivili bakoze ibyaha nk'ibi nk'ubujura, kuroba kwishura imisoro no kwigomeka.
Nubwo inyamaswa nyinshi zishobora gukoreshwa mu kwicwa, inzovu zakoreshejwe bitewe nuko bashobora gutozwa iyicarubozo no kwica abagizi ba nabi. Kurugero, Inzovu irashobora gutereranwa kugirango ajanjagure uwahohotewe. Urundi rugero rwo gushyira mu bikorwa inzovu rwabwiye abagenzi b'Abafaransa Francois Bernier. Yabonye inzovu yatojwe "gukata" abagizi ba nabi hamwe n'ibyuma byashyizwe ku murizo.
4. Kumanika, kuniha na quartiers
Nk'uko amategeko icyongereza akoresheje, byari igihano ku mugabo wamenyekanye ko ari icyaha cyo kuba indahemuka (abagore batwitswe ku muriro). Kugeza mu 1870, abamenyekanye ko ari icyaha cyo guhambira ubutunzi bwa Leta, bihambiriye ku nkombe cyangwa kumenagura byasaruwe n'amafarasi, bakurura aho bicwa. Ngaho umugizi wa nabi amanitse, ariko arabikora buhoro, kandi ntapfunga intebe kuva munsi yibirenge (kugirango utavunika ijosi). Mu bihe mbere y'urupfu, umugozi waciwe, kandi umuntu yashyizwe kumeza. Ngaho umwicanyi yatemye igitsina cye maze atesha umutwe, atwika.
Amaherezo, igitambo cyashyizweho, kandi umubiri usenywa mu bice bine. Akenshi, umutwe n'ibice by'umubiri bimanitse n'amazi abira (kugira ngo bataboze vuba) bashyira umujyi ku irembo nk'umuburo. Ubu buryo bwo kurangiza bukabije bwahimbwe bwa mbere mu 1241 bwo guhana Mauriam Maurice, wahamwe n'icyaha cy'ubujura. Mu mategeko yo gutega 1814, uburyo bwo kwicwa bwatumye "byoroshye". Noneho umugizi wa nabi umanitse (bisanzwe nkuko bisanzwe, bivunika ijosi) kandi bidasubirwaho.
5. Gibbeting
Muri otcosse, iyi miterere yubukonje bwari bugenewe cyane cyane abicanyi bahamwe n'icyaha. Nk'uko amategeko abiteganya ku iyicwa rya 1752, imirambo y'ubwicanyi yaba yarakozwe nabi cyangwa yahagaritswe iminyururu. Gibbet yazimiye mu gihe cya 1770, nubwo mbere ya 1834 hari amategeko ateganya iki gihano.
Imwe mu mpamvu zituma uprata ku bwoko bw'urupfu bwatangiye kugabanuka ni uko haba mu iyicwa ry'umugizi wa nabi bashyizwe ahantu ho kwicwa kwabo, kandi ntibashobora kuba "igihano". Ibisobanuro byiza byubu buryo bwurupfu ninkuru ya Alexander gillan. Yari umugaragu w'umuhinzi waciriweho iteka ku ngufu n'ubwicanyi bw'umukobwa w'imyaka 11 witwa Elespte Umwagazi w'intama muri 1810. Yashiniyega amatungo ya se igihe ushinjwa yamuteraga akubita urupfu.
Ubu buryo bwibihano ni uko umugizi wa nabi wahamwe n'icyaha yashyizwe mumwanya ufunze nta gusohoka. Rimwe na rimwe byarabaye gereza y'ubuzima, kandi mu bindi bihe bizagira icyorezo bivuye ku nzara no kumwuma. Ku ifoto, yasohotse bwa mbere mu gusohora geografiya y'igihugu 1922, iyicwa ryerekanwe neza: umugore wa Mongoliya yari afunzwe mu gasanduku k'imbaho mu butayu.
Umufotozi Albert Kan yiboneye uburyo umugore wasabye kumuha kurya, ariko yahatirwa kumutererana mu gasanduku, kuko byaba ari ukubangaha ku muti mu butabera bw'undi muco. Kuri Kana, umugore yahamijwe icyaha cyo gusambana. Ariko abahohotewe ntabwo bapfuye bazize inzara.
Raporo yikinyamakuru kuva 1914, mu Bushinwa, abagizi ba nabi bafunzwe mu isanduku iremereye, aho baticaye neza cyangwa baryama, barambuye. Iminota mike gusa kumunsi, bashoboraga kubona izuba mugihe bajugunye ibiryo banyuze mu mwobo muto mu isanduku.
7. Poena cullei.
Bizwi kandi ku izina rya "Kwicwa mu gikapu", ubu buryo bwo kwicwa bwagenewe abahamwe n'icyaha cyo kwica bene wabo. Uwahohotewe yakosowe mu gikapu cy'uruhu hamwe n'inzoka nzima, inkende, isake n'imbwa, nyuma yo kuvurwa mu kigega. Igishimishije, mu ntangiriro (byibuze, byemejwe mu nyandiko ya kera, aho posena cullei yavuzwe) mu gikapu hamwe n'umugizi wa nabi inzoga gusa. Mbere yuko abantu barohama bakatirwa "kwicwa mu gikapu", babanje gukubitwa inkoni bishushanyijeho ibara ryamaraso, hanyuma barakaraba. Amaherezo, Poena Culli yasimbuwe no gutwika ari muzima.
8. Skafism
Byari uburyo bwa kera bw'Abaperesi bwo kwica urubozo, bigenewe abakoze ibyaha bikomeye, nko kwica cyangwa kwigambanira. Imibiri yananiwe kandi ihambiriwe cyane mu muti wagutse cyangwa hagati yubwato bubiri, nyuma yo gucukurwa ku gahato n'amata n'ubuki. Iki gihano ubusanzwe cyabaye mu gishanga cyangwa ku zuba. Ntabwo abantu bahatirwa gusa nuruvambuzi, yashutswe kandi numubiri wahohotewe. Ibi byakuruye udukoko dusangiye udukoko, kimwe nimbeba.
Abahohotewe na Skafism nabo barwaye impiswi ikabije (ibuka ibyo batoboye), kubera ko bafite intege nke no kubura umwuma. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ntibapfuye kubera impibondo b'urwara umwundwa zatewe, kuko bahoraga bagaburirwa amata menshi n'ubuki.
Ibi bivuze ko abagizi ba nabi bashobora kubaho iminsi myinshi ndetse ibyumweru biri mu ikuzimu gato, amata, ubuki n'udukoko, barya inyama na eyeruzi. Mu kurangiza, livre yariye umurambo imbere.
9. Kubika
Uzwi kandi nk '"uruziga rwa Catherine", kubera ko inkomoko yayo yari ifitanye isano na Catherine Alegizandiriya, iyi mbogo y'icaniro, yakoreshejwe mu bihe byagati mu Burayi.
Byari bizwi cyane mu Bufaransa no mu Budage, kandi rimwe na rimwe byari bimaze gukoreshwa na nyuma y'imyaka yo hagati. Abantu bahamwe n'icyaha cyo kwica mu bihe bikomeye byahambiriye ku ruziga rwa tereviziyo, hanyuma ubabazanira amaboko n'ibirenge hamwe n'inyundo cyangwa igituba. Nyuma yibyo, uruziga rwaramuwe, kandi umugizi wa nabi yahuye nacyo.
