Umuganga ubaga Alexander Reznik wo muri St. Petersburg avuga aho transplantcologiya ivuye, nko mu kinyejana cya 21 harimo ibikorwa mu Burusiya no mu mahanga, no mu mahanga, no mu bihe byashize kandi bikagutegereje nawe mu gihe kizaza. Ibyo, nkuko byagaragaye, haba kure y'umusozi. Turatangaza nta fagitire kandi twiziritse. Igice cya mbere, gutembera mumateka.
Icyaha no hagati yimyaka
Kubwawe, igitekerezo cyo guhindura imyenda yangiritse kumateka yagaragaye mu bihe bya kera. Ibimenyetso byambere byatangajwe byitirirwa hakurya 1000 BC, mugihe umuganga wumuhinde schitu yasobanuye uburyo bwuruhu rwo gutunganya uruhu rwo kuvura izuru. Ariko kubura ubumenyi bwa siyansi no kwizera kamere yubumaji yubuzima yavuye mu gitekerezo nta kwigira. Ibigeragezo byose byo guhindura uruhu (muri iyo minsi byari bimaze gusa) natetse kugirango nshake kwinjira mu gice nkareba ibizaba. Kandi nta kintu na kimwe kizabaho.
Hamwe no kubaho kwa kera ubwoba bwa kera, bivanze nubujiji rusange no kwizera kuri Alchemy, byatangiye kuzimira, gahoro gahoro gabanya ibitekerezo bya siyansi. Kandi imyitozo yo kubona no gushyira mu bikorwa ubumenyi bushya ntabwo yitanze igihe kirekire. Urugero, Gaspar Talicoqsi, yari umuganga wo mu Butaliyani. Mu gice cya kabiri cy'Ikinyejana cya XVI, yishora mu kubagwa plastike, neza, uko bishoboka, ni ukuvuga muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose. Mubyukuri, yararemye. Yigeze kwitondera ibitekerezo byuko uruhu rwangiritse rwangiritse, ariko udafite imirire (gutanga amaraso), biganisha ku kunanirwa kwa venture yose. Kudakuza, ariko indorerezi zikomeye.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nyuma yimyaka 100, yabuze rwose na John Hunter, wagize ubushakashatsi bwe mu rwego rwo kubaga no guhinduranya hanyuma ahinduka umuganga w'amenyo i Londres. Yari yizigiye ko n'ibitambara mu ntabwo asohotse kubera gupfusha "Ihame ubuzima" (mu ntango "Ubuzima Ihame") na yayoboye inyigisho yose munsi uru rubanza, muri iryo iperereza ku guhindurwa bashya no zizahabwe transplantation: koroshe ibice ahandi of ovaring kandi bareba ko bizagenda.
Umwanzuro wari umeze nkaya: Niba umwenda utahise usubiza nyuma yo kwakira, ntabwo ari impamo. Ibi birakeka kandi byashizeho ishingiro ryigitekerezo cyibice byinzego zagize ingaruka zingingo zagize, ariko nyuma yigihe runaka rwakiriye iterambere ryihuse, ariko muri kiriya gihe byiswe "Ihame ryubuzima" kandi nibyo.
Birumvikana ko hari abandi bahanga bazwi muri kano karere, ariko nzibanda kuri izo ngero. Ikinyejana cya XVII kirangiye, ubumenyi bwegeraga bihagije kuri "socieme yibwami i Londres mugutezimbere ubumenyi bwubumenyi" bwasohoye icyemezo cyo kuvugurura imyenda hamwe nibishoboka. Mubihe bimwe.
XIBILI ikinyejana hamwe na XX Ikinyejana cya XX
Mu 1812, umuganga n'umuganga Julien Jean Cesar Le Galia yanditse muri raporo ya kaminuza ya silial ku bitekerezo bye:
Ati: "Kubyutsa ingingo ndetse n'umurambo wose ntibishoboka rwose kugena imiterere yo kuzenguruka amaraso n'amaraso nyayo cyangwa izindi ngoro zifite intungamubiri zishobora gusimbuza amaraso."
Ni ukuvuga, igitekerezo cya Le Galua ni uko byashobokaga kubungabunga "Ihame ry'Ubuzima", rishyigikira ibihimbano (kuzenguruka amaraso) mu ngingo. We ubwe ntiyigeze atangira kwiga amaraso akwirakwizwa (icyo gihe nta jambo naryo) inzego zigezweho, kubera ko iy'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ritigeze ritanga umusaruro kuri ibi, ariko iyerekwa rye ni ishingiro ry'umurimo w'abahanga benshi muri Ikinyejana cya 20.
Ibyingenzi kuvumburwa cyane kugirango iterambere ryimurwe ryakozwe mugihe batekerezaga kureba muri microscope ya optique. Byaragaragaye ko amahano yimyenda ibaye kubera kumera kw'ibikoresho bishya, kandi ntabwo biturutse ku gutsimbarara bihagije by'impapuro. Igitekerezo cy'abahigi cyatakaje akamaro, kandi abantu bose bihutiye gukora ibikoresho byo gukomeza kuzenguruka mu ngingo.
Kuki Gukora Ibikoresho? Kuberako ntacyo byamenyaga kugirango uhindurwe noneho - tekinike ntiyari izi, ntabwo yazanye na we nyamara. Ariko siyanse yagiye imbere kandi yometse ya mbere yagumyeho igihe kitari gito. Ubwa mbere rero, abantu bose bafashe ubushakashatsi bwimitungo yinzego zabo bwite - bifatanije nabo muburyo butandukanye kandi bareba ko byaba ari igisubizo nkiki binyuze muri bo, kandi bigenda bite iyo ibyo. Kuvuga mururimi rwa none - Inzego zishyigikiwe muburyo butandukanye.
Kugerageza kwambere kuri parfusion yimirambo byakozwe na Edward Lobel muri 1849.
Byongeye kandi, mu 1885, physiologist Max background frey yasengeye igikoresho, ukurikije ibiranga ibikoresho bya Carniovary, ni ukuvuga ko yakusanyije prototype ya mbere yamaraso yamaraso.
Indi myaka 10, mu 1895, Oscar Langendondorf yaje hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyira hamwe. Yafashe ikigega, yometse kuri umuyoboro, yinjiye mu gihuru mu rugingo, amazi yanyuze mu mubiri munsi y'ibikorwa by rukuruzi. Byoroshye nkibie.
Muri 1899 (nyuma yiyi myaka 4), compatriot Ilya Faddeevich abifashijwemo niyi porogaramu yashyigikiye umurimo wumukeri kumasaha 48.
By the way, imyaka 41 mbere, muri Gicurasi 1858, mu Gihugu cye mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Umwami w'Ubwami bwo kubaga mu Bwongereza, Neurophysiolog yo muri icyo gihe, Seki yavugaga ko yashoboye kugarura imirimo runaka y'ubwonko akoresheje amaraso akoresheje inzabya zatandukanijwe n'umutwe w'umutwe.
Nahisemo gushyira ku rutonde rwa siyansi akomeye muri kiriya gihe, byose kuri njye kutatwikira, ahubwo nashyize mu bikorwa benshi mu gihe cyabo muri make umuganga umwe wo mu Bufaransa witwa Aleksis Carrel. Ibikorwa bye ku iterambere ry'ikidosi cyaka no guhinduranya ibikoresho n'inzego byabaye imfuruka nyayo y'imfuruka yo guhindura abantu no mu 1912 yakiriye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Birumvikana ko abakora bagize uruhare mu gutsinda A. Karrel, ariko sinzabandikaho, kuko icyemezo cyamateka kimaze gutinda.
Alexis Carrel - Padiri wo Guhindura Igezweho (Udashoboka):
Se nyawe wo guhindura abantu ugezweho afatwa na Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov, ariko mugihe cyo gutanga igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel, Vladimir Petrovich ntari kuba mwisi.
XX Ikinyejana cya XX, Ibikorwa byambere
Noneho, hateguwe akadomo kanini, hano ni munzira:
Hariho amahirwe yo kudoda ibikoresho hagati yabo hanyuma aragenda, aragenda.
Ulman wa mbere yashizeho neza impyiko mu 1902, yagerageje guhindura ingurube yingurube kumuntu ahagarika ubushakashatsi. By the way, icyarimwe, umuhemu wUburusiya A.A. Kulkusko imbaraga nyinshi kandi hageragejwe hagaragaye ububyutse.
Mathieu Zubalu mu 1906 yamaze ibikorwa bibiri byimpyiko bivuye mungurube n'ihene kuba bantu batandukanye bagerageza gukiza indwara ya renal. Ndetse yavuze ko abayobozi bakoraga igihe runaka bidashoboka. Yoo, abarwayi bombi barapfuye.
Impyiko rya mbere ku isi yatsinze umuntu ku muntu yagizwe na SOVEOT yo kubaga muri Soviet Yu.Yu. Vorononov muri Mata 1933. Noneho ntibyari bizwi ko ibintu nk'ibi, nk'isi ya Ischemia, ntabwo byimuriwe n'abayobozi kandi birumvikana ko imirimo y'impyiko ntiyasubijwe, ikibabaje, umurwayi yapfuye nyuma y'iminsi 2. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, byari gihamya yubukorikori bwimiterere yingingo zose. Nyuma ya byose, mbere yibyo, baganiriye gusa kubijyanye no guhindura ibice.
Nyuma yo guhinduka mugihe gito cyane, ku nshuro ya mbere, ku nshuro ya mbere, ubwoko bwose bw'impinduka bwakozwe, ubanza gukorwa mu igeragezwa V.p. Demichev, hanyuma abantu batandukanye mu ivuriro.
Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov
V.P. Delikhov, yari umuntu ufite iherezo rigoye kandi riteye ubwoba. Kubitekerezo byabapayiniya nakazi, yabanje gutangwa, noneho barambuwe byose kandi hiyongereye isoni
Ubushakashatsi buhebuje bwanditswe hano.
Mu 1960, yanditse monoge ya mbere ku isi ku myitwarire "yo guhindura ingingo z'ingenzi mu igeragezwa" - umurimo w'ingenzi mu buzima bwe. Byahinduwe mu zindi ndimi, byasohotse muri Amerika n'Uburayi. Kandi muri Usssr, iki gikorwa nticyabonetse, kandi, kandi laboratoire ye yagerageje gufunga icyarimwe, kubera "ubwinshi". Kurinda monografi ye aho hantu hakorerwa mu kigo cya 1 cya Moscou ntabwo cyatanze kandi ahatirwa kwitondera byihutirwa. N.V. SKLIFOSOVSKY, aho yahawe umwanya wa laboratoire:
Ati: "Mubyukuri, byari icyumba ahantu hafite ubuso bwa metero kare 15, kimwe cya kabiri cyarimo kwishyiriraho ammonia hamwe nimyenda yitegura. Kumurika nabi, gutontoma, imbeho. Bikorewe hamwe nitara ryamatara isanzwe, ibikoresho ntabwo, ubuhu bwubuhungiro bwubuhu bwubuhumekero, hamwe na cardiografike. Aho kuba compressor - Isukura ishaje ya vacuum. Muri Windows ya laboratoire, icyumba cyo guteka, cyuzura icyumba numwotsi wa caviar. Nta muto w'inyamaswa zari zariho inyamaswa, inyamaswa zariye, zinywa, zifata imiti n inzira kandi zigarurwa ako kanya, muri "laboratoire".
Mu 1963, impamyabumenyi nyuma yuko byose bimaze kwirwanaho mu muhanga w'inama ya Moscounde ku rwego rw'umukandida wa siyansi y'ibinyabuzima. Nyuma yo kurinda neza no kurinda neza abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, akanama gakabije yabaye, ubwo nama ya siyansi yatoye atigeze atorwa "kuri" - abatavuga rumwe na V.p. Demakhova yatsinze salle. Ariko yakoresheje isaha igice nigice cya siyansi, umuhanga yari afite ibitekerezo nk'ibi byatanzwe by'ibisobanuro, byakurikiye amajwi ya kabiri, naho Demaikhov abaye umuganga wa siyanse y'ibinyabuzima.
Mu gihe cyo kuva 1963 kugeza 1965 Ikipe ye yateje imbere uburyo bwo kubungabunga inzego zitaruye muri leta yimikorere mubikoresho byihariye bifitanye isano na sisitemu yimibereho yubuzima cyangwa inkonny ". Twakomeje inzego ku giti cye muzima iminsi 7 (ibi ntibishoboka uyu munsi).
Mu 1965, muri iryo huriro ryerekeye transplantcology, yavuze ko igitekerezo cyo gukora amabanki imibiri y'abaterankunga, cyane cyane, gushyira mu gaciro k'abantu (imitima) imbere mu ngurube, aho bashoboraga kubikwa. Igitekerezo cyatsinzwe, cyiswe "Ahineya keza", ntaho ahuriye n'imishinga y'Abakomunisiti. Ako kanya usome uwateguye kwiyambaza amatsinda yo hejuru kubyerekeye kwamburwa ni demichov mumazina yose ya siyansi na laboratoire.
Gutotezwa kuri V.P. Demikhov ntiyarangiye igihe, yongerewe gusa, amaherezo, yagize ikibazo cy'ubwonko kandi buhoro buhoro yatakaje kwibuka. Amaze kubana n'umugore we mu bukene rwose, ubwo umuganga w'akarere katsinzwe n'ubukene n'ububabare bw'urugo rw'umuhanga w'indashyikirwa mu gihe cyo gusura. Vladimir Petrovich yapfuye mu 1998, mbere gato y'urupfu rwe ahembwa gahunda y'icyiciro cya 3 cyo guteza imbere tekinike yo kubaga aortocorttona.
Gukomeza inkuru bizatangazwa mucyumweru gitaha - hafi. ED.