Babuloni, ishingiye kuri 4000 ya Yesu, ifatwa nkimwe mumico ya mbere. Nkuko mubizi, mbikesheje kode ya Hammurapi, Babuloni yari umuryango ufite umuco ukize kandi wateye imbere, hamwe no kwandika, kubitangaza bitandukanye kandi birumvikana, ibikorwa bitandukanye. Ndetse na Puritans, Abagereki ba kera babonaga Abanyababuloni umuco uhangayitse.
1. Mu buriri hamwe numunyamahanga
Inkomoko y'Abagereki ivuga byinshi ku mibonano mpuzabitsina y'abaturage ba Babiloni, kandi birumvikana ko Babuloni yakoraga imibonano mpuzabitsina yatuma abantu ba none. Ndetse n'Abagereki ba kera babonaga ko Babuloni ishaje iyo igeze ku mibonano mpuzabitsina.
Kurugero, kimwe mubikorwa byemewe muri rusange byasambanye nabatazi, nkuko umwanditsi wumugereki Herodote yavuze. Yasobanuye umuco utaha (buri mugore wa Babiloni byibuze rimwe mu buzima bwe yagombaga kujya mu rusengero kuryamana n'umugabo utamenyereye rwose. Birumvikana ko bikwiye kubona ko abahanga mu by'amateka barwanya inyandiko ya Herodoto, ariko bemeza ko uburaya bw'umuco bwabayeho i Babiloni.
2. Uburaya bwurusengero
Uburaya mu nsengero byabereye ahantu hose ku isi ya kera yose hafi ya krescent nyakuntu no hafi yayo. Iri somo ryatangiye mu muco wa kera wa Sumeriya, wavutse mu 4500 mbere ya Yesu, aho umuco wa Babiloni wakozwe nyuma. Bikekwa ko i Babiloni yateje insengero zagenewe kwigarurira uburaya. Iyi "mbozamutungo w'Imana" ntabwo yari ahantu abantu gusa bashoboye - byabayeho rwose abanyababuloni ba kera.
Hano ntigeze mbona amafaranga. Ahubwo, irashobora kwitwa mu buryo bwemewe muri rusange bwo gushimira no gusenga imana za Babuloni ya kera. Byari imigenzo idasanzwe rwose kubanyababuloni n'umuco nk'ibyo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, byafatwaga nk'igice cy'ubuzima bwabo bw'amadini.
OrImwe nuburaya byari bisanzwe mwisi ya kera, kandi Babuloni ntabwo yatangaje. Ariko, urukundo rwubusa no gufungura igitsina ntibyagarukiye gusa muminsi mikuru ikomeye ngarukamwaka, kandi byimbitse byimbere ahantu hose no mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Herodote yavuze ku mpinga zaho n'uburyo byabereye. Mubyukuri, Abanyababuloni ba kera bari bakunzwe hamwe na orgies, batangiye kurya byoroshye, ariko mubikorwa byahindutse byinshi.
Igihe ifunguro rya nimugoroba ryakomeje, nararakaye buhoro buhoro kugeza bambaye ubusa rwose. Urashobora no gukeka ibyabaye gusa, ariko Herodotus yavuze ko n'abagereki basuzumye rwose mu mibereho yo kubyara.
5. Kwiyegurira ubukwe mu buriri
Muri kode ya Hammurapi, hari byinshi bijyanye n'imibonano mpuzabitsina n'amategeko aberekwaho. Muri Babuloni ya kera, buri mubano wagombaga kwiyegurira imibonano mpuzabitsina, kandi ntiwafatwaga nk'umuyobozi kugeza abashyingiranywe binjiye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Ku isahani y'amabuye, gukundana inyuma 1754 mbere ya Yesu, byanditseho ati: "Niba umuntu afata umugore ku mugore we, ariko nta masezerano afite, uyu mugore ntabwo ari umugore we."
6. INTERERE HANO Ahantu hose
Abanyababuloni ntibari bafite ubwoba cyangwa isoni ku bijyanye no gutera ubwoba; Basezeranye icyo gihe icyo aricyo cyose, ahantu hose kandi, byasa nkumuntu wese, mugihe ubishaka. Abanyababuloni bagize uruhare mu rukundo mu rukundo hagati mu mujyi, ku nyambi zegereye cyangwa kuzamuka hejuru y'inzu yabo, kugira ngo umujyi wafunguwe imbere yabo.
Nta muntu n'umwe wanze nk'ibyo nk'Abanyababuloni byari umuco wo mu mibonano mpuzabitsina cyane. Kuva mu nsengero kugeza hejuru y'ibisenge, mbere yuko icyumba cyo kuraramo kugera kumuhanda ... Abanyababuloni babikoze ahantu hose. Ahari, benshi ntibazatekerezwaga numujyi wose wabantu bakorana nurukundo ahantu hose.
7. Amasoko yo gushyingirwa
Amasoko yo gushyingirwa byari ikindi gice cyihariye cy'umuco wa Babiloni. Kuri bo, abategarugori bafite imyaka abana bagurishijwe ku ihame rya "uzatanga igiciro cyisumbuye". Ubumenyi bwibi yageze kuri iki gihe cyongeye gushimira Herodote, byasobanuwe birambuye uko ayo masoko yakoze.
Abagore bose bicaye mu ruziga, barahaguruka, bava muri ikigo, nyuma abantu bari bateze amatwi batangiye kumushimira ku ihame rya cyamunara. Urebye ibindi byose bizwi ku mibonano mpuzabitsina ya Babiloni, birashoboka cyane ko ari isoko nyaryo, aho abagabo baguze abagore bifuzaga.
8. Amaso kumaso
Codex Hammurapi yamenyekanye ku mategeko y'ibanze y'ijisho. Byerekana neza ibihano biboneye kandi bikosore, kubyo kurenga ku byaha na Mildemeya. Birumvikana ko imibonano mpuzabitsina itari iyo ... Ariko rimwe na rimwe ibitekerezo byaho byerekana "ijisho ku maso", kugira ngo ubishyire mu bwitonzi, budasanzwe.
Mu nyandiko nk'iyi yemewe, gukundana kuva mu bihe bya Babuloni ya kera, yemejwe n'ibi bikurikira: Niba umuntu ari se w'inkumi, undi mugabo aryamanye n'umukobwa we, hanyuma se yemerewe gukorana n'umugore we y'uyu mugabo ko amwishimira, kugeza mu bwicanyi.
Ariko, muri Kode ya HaMmuraPi, havugwa ibintu nk'ibyo umuntu wayoboye mu isugi, Data afite uburenganzira bwo kwica, kandi umugore agomba kuba atarangwa.
Nko mu bindi bihingwa byinshi ku isi kugeza ku butegetsi bwa Yudaya - bwabaye nyuma ya kontantin bahinduye ubukristo mu madini yemewe, nk'Abanyababuloni byari byiza cyane ku bijyanye no kuryamana kw'abahuje igitsina kandi, nk'Abagereki ba kera, babikora mu buryo bweruye kandi mu bwisanzure. Ariko, bari bafite ibikorwa bimwe bahuje ibitsina, bizeraga ko biterwa no gutsindwa (kandi ni bo bizeraga kuzana amahirwe).
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bagaragaje ko rimwe na rimwe abantu ba Babiloni bakundaga uruhare rw'abagore mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, kandi, ndetse no gukoresha ibitsina bidahuje imbyaro nk'uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro. Ibyo ari byo byose, Abanyababuloni bari "Friki" ku mahame y'uyu munsi muri inzira nyinshi.
