Uyu munsi, umubyeyi wese arashobora kujya mu iduka ryaho akagura icupa ryabana ibiryo, aho konsa umwana we. Ariko, hari amahitamo abiri gusa yo kugaburira umwana amateka: cyangwa konsa cyangwa guha akazi nanny-ibiryo. Akenshi, umuryango niwo wakemuye ababyeyi "kubijyanye nabo," kubera ko imyizerere yukuntu neza zo kugaburira abana bahindutse inshuro nyinshi mumyaka igihumbi.
Ikintu nyamukuru cyamamazaga, n'umutekano w'ibiryo kimwe cyangwa ikindi gihe cyahisemo byari bifite akamaro kanini. Dutanga ingero z'uburyo abantu bagaburiraga abana babo mumyaka ibihumbi ishize.
1 Korlisilitssa
Gukoresha umuzi nicyo gisanzwe mbere yuko batangira kugaburira imvange cyangwa icupa. Yatangiye muri 2000 yc ikomeza kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20. Mu gihe cyose, icyemezo cyo kumenya niba umubyeyi azakoreshwa cyangwa atabiyemeje, ariko rimwe na rimwe ibikenewe bishaje - kubera ko ubwabo nta bundi buryo bwatanze amata. Serivisi za korlilitwi zabaye umwuga uzwi cyane - amasezerano yashyizweho umukono kandi incuro yahawe impushya. Kumenyekanisha icupa ryo kugaburira muri XIX nkindi moko byafashije gukuraho imyitozo ya cormilitz. Muri Isiraheli muri 2000 BC Konsa abana bafatwaga umugisha, kandi iki gikorwa cyafatwaga nkigikorwa cyamadini. Mu nyandiko ya kera yo muri Egiputa "Papirus Ebers" yahawe inama zikurikira ku mubyeyi, udafite ubucuti: byari ngombwa "gushyushya amagufwa afi y'inkota mu mavuta" no gusiga umugongo. Ubundi, yashoboraga kwicara afite amaguru yambutse kandi hari umutsima, "wicaye mu gicucu" (ubwoko bwa shitani), icyarimwe akubita igituza cya mac.
2 kera
Niba umugore mu Bugereki agera kuri 950 BC. Yari afite umwanya muto ugereranije, byanze bikunze yahaye akazi agaburira nyuma yo kubyara. Muri iki gihe, injambi yari isaba ko yaba ifite imbaraga ku nzu ye. Bibiliya yerekeza ku ngero nyinshi za Korilitz. Birashoboka ko ibyamamare muri bo harimo cormalist, umukobwa wa Farawo yahawe akazi konsa Mose, wasangaga mu rubingo. Mu Bwami bw'Abaroma kuva 300 bc Kugeza 400 G. Baharaniye igisasu kwita ku bana batowe (mubisanzwe inyuma y'abakobwa) baguze abakire nk'abacakara b'ejo hazaza. Abana nkabo baburiwe imyaka itatu.
3 Imyaka yo hagati
Mu gihe cyo hagati, inama z'uburyo cormilike igomba kwitwara, yatangajwe n'umumonakazi wa Franciscan wo mu kinyejana cya Xiii n'izina rya Bartholomew icyongereza. Yasabye ko abatutsi bitwara nka nyina: "Kurera umwana iyo aguye, aha umwana umwana, iyo atuze ... gukaraba no gusukura umwana igihe yagiye mu musarani." Mu gihe cyo hagati, ubwana bwatangiye kubonwa nkigice cyihariye, kandi amata yonsa yafatwaga nkubumaji. Na none kandi, ba nyina basabwe kugaburira abana babo amata yonsa (kandi kandi, byafatwaga nk'imyenda yabo yera), kubera ko yafashwe ko amata yonsa ashobora kwandika ku mwana wo mu mutwe no ku mubiri. Mugihe cyububyutse, iyi myitwarire ya ba nyina bahabwa abana babo kuko abagore batinyaga ko abana bashobora guhinduka nkabaforomo.
4 Reka tuvuge "oya" umutuku
Mu 1612, umuganga w'Ubufaransa hamwe na Jacques Giomo yatewe na Jacquescian yavuzwe mu kazi ke "kwita ku bana", bitagomba gukoreshwa n'umusatsi utukura, kuko amata yabo atukura, kuko amata yabo atukura ashobora kwimura inyuguti zabo. " Ku bwe, Abakambaro bagenda koroshya, bitonda, umurwayi, ubuso c'abihannye, kandi nta kaburiro, abavuga cyangwa babigiranye umururumba cyangwa abavuga.
Ibinyejana 5 byakurikiyeho
Kuva muri XVII kugeza kuri XIX, umuco wo konsa ubifashijwemo na "umushahara" abagore bakomeje, kuko abakize batekereza ko abana babo bonsa kandi batinya ko byangiza ishusho. Imyambarire y'icyo gihe, ibindi byose ntabwo byari bikwiye konsa, kuko byari bigoye no kuyigenda muri bo. Ndetse n'abahagarariye amasomo yo hasi, nk'abagore, abanyamategeko n'abacuruzi, bahawe akazi, komisiyo na korilitz, kuko bihendutse kuruta guha akazi ubucuruzi bw'umugabo cyangwa ngo bukomeze urugo. Mu mpinduramatwara y'inganda ikurikirana, imiryango myinshi yimukiye mu cyaro mu mijyi, aho abagore bakunze gukora kuri cormaliste. Ibibazo byihariye byagaragaye. Kurugero, muri "Ubuvuzi bwo murugo", William Bucos (1779) yerekana kutizera imitwe ya Cormilite, akenshi yakoreshaga amafaranga atuje ashingiye kuri aptiates kugirango abana "batuje kandi batuze kandi batuje kandi batuje."
Amacupa 6 Yambere
Muri Xix, ibikoresho byatangiye gupfa, kubera ko icyamamare cyungutse amata kandi kigaburira icupa. Twabibutsa ko gukoresha amacupa yororoka byari bizwi cyane mu bihe bya kera, kandi inzabya zavumbuwe afite imyaka ibihumbi. Ikigereki Teracotta "Kugaburira" 450 BC. ikoreshwa mu kugaburira abana uruvange rwa vino n'ubuki. Benshi mu bikoresho byabonetse bakigeraho kandi bakagera ku mwanzuro w'amata y'icukumiro, bityo abacukuzi b'ivya kera bagera ku mwanzuro w'amata y'inyamanswa cyangwa abasimbura bakoreshejwe mu kugaburira abana mu gihe cy'ibuye. Ibibazo bituruka mumacupa byogusukura byanditswe mubuvanganzo bwibihe bya Roma, imyaka yo hagati na Renaissance. Impinduramatwara y'inganda yagize uruhare mu kuba amacupa ahinduka isuku n'umutekano wo kugaburira umwana.
7 Amabati yabujijwe hamwe n'imbwa z'abana - "Ubwato"
Mbere yuko habaho amacupa y'abana, nagerageje amahitamo menshi. Bamwe muribo bari bakozwe mu cerami cyangwa ibiti, ariko ubwoko bwo kugaburira igikoresho cyo kugaburira bwakozwe mu mahembe y'inka aruta mu gice cy'amata. Mu myaka ya 1700, ibyo basabwa, kandi byahawe amasahani, izwi cyane, igikoresho cyitwa "inkono ya jazy", yahimbwe na muganga wa Londres witwa Hugh Smith. Kubwamahirwe, incapo yinkono nkiyi, isa nubwamba, ntabwo yari nkaho yashoboraga gusukura kandi akenshi yaterekezwa no kwandura no guhitana ibiza. Umurongo w'abana mu buryo bw'ubwato ukoreshwa mu kugaburira imigati, watewe n'amazi cyangwa amata, cyangwa gukubita mu muhoto. Abana bahindagurika bahawe ibiryo bikomeza, ariko kubera ko ibikoresho byagize bigoye ko basukura, hafi kimwe cya gatatu cyabana bapfuye mumwaka wambere.
Amacupa 8 yikinyejana cya XIX
Amacupa yikirahure yatangijwe kugaburira hagati ya XIX, kandi bamwe muribo bari bigoye cyane, bakomoka muburyo bwa cones cyangwa ibihaza. Buhoro buhoro, basimbuye inkeragubara ya farashi yo kugaburira, zari mbere. Ibicuruzwa byinshi bishya byaje kwita "icupa-ubworozi", kubera ko babaye ubwoko bwa petri ibyombo bya bagiteri (gusukura byasukuye hamwe na rubber berekeje cyane). Mu rubanza rumwe, amabere y'ibihimbano yavumbuwe, umubyeyi ashobora kuzuza amata kandi akambarara kugira ngo amata ashyushye ava mu mubiri. Mu 1863, uwahimbye witwa Matth Tomlinson yubatse "icupa ry'inyamanswa ry'inyamanswa ryitwa" akazu ", kandi ryizeraga ko ryahujwe neza no kugaburira umwana n'umugabo.
Inzira 9 Yambere
Mu muco wa none, konsa bifatwa nk'isoko nziza ku bana, ariko iyo imvange yavumbuwe, iyamamaza ryongerewe inyungu rusange ahantu h'amata. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyikinyejana cya XIBILI, amata yinyamanswa yongeye kuba mwiza kandi yongerewe kumugati mugihe umwana arwaye. Kugereranya inyamaswa n'amata y'abantu byizwe mu kinyejana cya XVII, bitewe n'iryo nyamaswa ryabonetse kubaturage, urugero, amafarasi, ingurube, ingamiya, indogobe, intama n'ihene. Amata yinka nkuko byose byagaragaye ko ari byiza. Mu 1865, ibigize "byiza" byatejwe imbere kumata yumwana, yigana ibikubiye amata yonsa. Yahamagariwe na formula ya librix, yari igizwe n'amata y'inka, malt n'ifu ya karusitani ya potasiyumu.
Gutezimbere no kongera umutekano
Mu mpera za 1883, ubwoko 27 bwa pateted ya formulaire yumwana munsi yikirango cya Licaid yagaragaye, ariko benshi muribo ntibari badahagije kuva imirire, kimwe nisukari kugirango zongere Calorie. Nyuma yigihe, ubumenyi bujyanye no gukungahaza vitamine yemeye ko ibihimbano byo gukora neza. Ariko ibiryo byari bikunzwe cyane mu mpeshyi, igihe amata yarangiritse, urupfu rwabana rwiyongereye. Ibintu byateje imbere nyuma yo kwemeza inyigisho za mikorobe hagati ya 1890 na 1910. Kubera ko itunganijwe ryamacupa ryateye imbere, kandi amabere ya rubber yarushijeho guhendutse, impfu zaragabanutse. Byongeye kandi, hashize uruhare runini mukugaragara mumibare myinshi yiyongera, aho amata ashobora kubikwa neza kugirango akoreshwe.