Mano ndi gawo lamakono la mankhwala. Ngakhale kuti anali kudalirika nthawi zonse m'mawonekedwe amodzi, m'mbuyomu, mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri anali achilendo ndipo samagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ina nthawi inayake ometa tsitsi anali mano, mano kwinanso mano ankathandizidwa ndi mbewa zakufa. Ngakhale panali zodabwitsa bwanji, zinanso njira zachilendo kwambiri, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mkodzo kuti akwere mkamwa, kwenikweni "anagwira ntchito."
1. Aroma akale ankagwiritsa ntchito mkodzo kuti akwere mkamwa
Aroma akale ankagwiritsa ntchito mkodzo wa munthu ndi nyama ngati madzi ochapamwa. Zinali zofala kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri Aroma ankasiya miphika m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri kotero kuti odutsawa amatha ku Surmine mwa iwo. Boma silinalepherepo mwayi pa mwayi wopeza ndi kuyamba kwa okhometsa misonkho ndi ogulitsa mkodzo. Ngakhale zimamveka zonyansa, njira yotsuka yamkombo ya mkodzo inali yothandiza kwenikweni. Chinthucho ndichakuti mkodzo umakhala ndi ammonia, chosakaniza chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'makono oyerekana amakono. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri yakale yasunga mfundo yoti Romatana inanena kuti Sansatius mano ake anali oyera kuti adamwetulira pa mwayi uliwonse. Wolemba ndakatulo wotchedwa Guy Valery Katill akutopa kwambiri kumwetulira kwa Ignatia, komwe adalemba ndakatulo, kumutsutsa. Wokhumudwitsa anawombera kuti, Egonatius adamwetulira ngakhale kukhothi pomwe chigamulochi chinali chosavomerezeka kuti womutsutsayo, komanso adamwetulira pamaliro, ngakhale aliyense kuzungulira anali kuyenda. Malinga ndi Kattula, kumwetulira kwakukulu ndi chifukwa cha matendawa, ndipo adatinso Egonato ayenera kusiya kumwetulira mopitilira muyeso, chifukwa "Palibe chopusa kuposa kumwetulira kopusa."
2 mano adachokera ku mano enieni
Madongosolo amakono amapangidwa ndi zinthu zojambula. Komabe, zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, mano adapangidwa kuchokera mano enieni. Mu 2016, ofufuza ku Italiya omwe adasiyanitsa mandawo ku Lucca, Italy, kupeza Prososhesis for 5 mano, opangidwa ndi mano enieni a anthu osiyanasiyana, siliva ndi mkuwa. Ofufuzawo ananena kuti prostethesis adapangidwa pakati pa XIV ndi XVII zaka zambiri. Mahule oterowo nthawi zina amapezeka ku Egypt, ndipo amadziwikanso kuti errusks akale ndi Aroma adapanga ma prosheese kuchokera mano a anthu ena. Ma prostases afala kwambiri m'ma 1400s. Anthu osauka adagulitsa mano awo kwa iwo omwe amafunikira. Mabanda aku Roma nthawi zambiri ankapanga ziwanda m'maliro kuti asunge mano pamitheyo. Kufunika kwa mano kwa anthu kunakula pambuyo pa nkhondo yamagazi ku Waterloo pa Juni 18, 1815. Anthu am'madera, asirikali ndi machesi adapha ndewu, ndikutulutsa mano onse (kupatula mawonekedwe, zomwe zinali zovuta kuchotsa, ndipo sanali oyenera asitikali onse akufa. Kenako, "chakudya" chinatumizidwa ku UK, komwe adapeza zonse. Pambuyo pake, "mano a madzi" adayamba kutcha mano aliwonse kumatsalira a asirikali akufa kunkhondo. Izi zinachitikanso panthawi ya nkhondo ya boma komanso nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku United States. Ngakhale kuti amatchuka m'mano amunthu nthawi zonse amakhala abwino nthawi zonse chifukwa amatha kuvunda ndipo samakhala oyenera nthawi zonse.
3 dzino lakale
Minofu yoyamba idawonekera pakati pa 3500 ndi 3000. BC, pamene Aigupto ndi Ababulo adatsuka mano ndi kutengeka ndi nthambi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, dzino lidapangidwa ndi zaka ziwiri zamisamba. Amakhulupirira kuti Aigupto akale adapanga dzino loyambirira la 5000 BC. Aroma akale, Agiriki, amwenyewa ndi amwenye adagwiritsanso ntchito dzino la mano, koma kenako zidachitidwa kuchokera pamenepo "zomwe anali nazo." Chilichonse chidalowa. Kuchokera ku chigwa chofiyira chikhomo cha mafashoni kuchokera ku ziboda zowotcha. Anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi mapiriwo adawonjezeredwa ku Phime, ndipo Agiriki ndi Aroma mu dzino lam'manonde adasakaniza ufa wamafupa ndi zipolopolo (Aroma ndi zonunkhira). Mu 1800s, dzino wamba wokhala ndi sopo, kenako choko. Sopo adakhalapo mankhwala osakaniza ndi mano a mu 1945, pomwe adasinthidwa ndi zosakaniza zingapo, kuphatikizapo sodium Lauryl sulfate.
4 ometa tsitsi ankakonda kukhala mano
Kwa zaka mazana angapo, zinali zotheka kupita kumeta-kumeta osati kokha mano kapena kuwulutsa dzino kapena kugwira ntchito yosavuta. Chomwe ndikuti ometa tsitsi adachitanso ntchito za mano ndi madokotala, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zakuthwa zofunikira pakuchita ndi mano. Pambuyo pake, ometa tsitsi adayamba kutchedwa Diarson Diarsreser kuti akweze luso lawo (mawu oti "wamano" adawonekera pambuyo pake). Mwachilengedwe, palibe amene amasamala kupewetsa kuwononga mano, monga mano amapanga izi, koma kungochotsa mano owonongedwa.
5 Palibe amene anayeretsa mano anu kwa zaka masauzande ambiri
Ngati simukuyeretsa mano anu, ndiye njira imodzi mwachangu kwambiri yowataya. Chifukwa chake, asayansi ambiri amadabwa kuti anthu anali ndi mano odabwitsa zaka masauzande zapitazo, ngakhale kuti mwina sanayeretse moyo wawo wonse. Amakhulupirira kuti makolo athu adatha chifukwa cha zakudya zawo. Amadya zachilengedwe, zosavomerezeka popanda mankhwala owonjezera ndi zowongolera. Zogulitsa zawo zinali zofanana ndi mavitamini ndi michere, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachotsedwa lero pokonza. Makolo athu amadyanso chakudya chambiri, chomwe chimayeretsa mano awo ku mabakiteriya ndi chakudya.
Zisindikizo 6 zitha kuphulika
M'makalata a mano am'mano a XIX kuchokera ku Pennsylvania, panali zomwe zinali zachilendo zitatu zachilendo kuphulika pa ntchito yake. Zochitika zoyambirira zinachitika mu 1817, pamene dzino la wansembe limaphulika mkamwa mwake. Rev. Adadwala ululu wamphamvu, zomwe zidayamba kusapitsidwa, pomwe dzino lidasokonekera ndikuphulika. Mavutowa anasowa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo wansembeyo anagona. Mlandu wachiwiri unachitika zaka 13 pambuyo pake, pamene dzino wina ndi mayi wina wa Leticia D. Anaphulika atamva ululu wambiri m'masiku ochepa. Mayi Anna P. adaphulikanso mu 1855. Mlandu wopitilira mu 1871, dokotala wina atanena kuti phokoso la mano silinatchulidwe. Kuphulika kunali kwakukulu kwambiri mpaka patakhala zomvetsa chisoni masiku angapo. Zochitika zachilendo izi zidalembetsedwa mpaka 1920s, pambuyo pake sadasowa mobwerezabwereza. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti kuphulika kudachitika chifukwa cha madontho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka. Dokotala wamadoko woyambirira adapanga entos, kusakaniza zitsulo, monga kutsogolera, siliva ndi tini. Zitsulo izi zimatha kujowina zomwezo ndikupanga china chake mkati mwa dzino ngati khungu la electrochemical, chifukwa amatembenuza batiri laling'ono. Komanso, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimakhala hydrogen, zomwe zimangoganiza kuti ndikupita ndipo amangodziunjikira mkati mwa dzino. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti hydrogen adaphulika pambuyo pa mankhwala a mankhwala adapanga spark, kapena ngakhale pakusuta ndudu. Komabe, ofufuza ena amakayikira chiphunzitsochi, chifukwa palibe umboni kuti anthu omwe akhudzidwawo akwaniritsa zochokerazo.
Mano ozungulira akuzungulira amawerengedwa kuti ndi odabwitsa ku England
Shuga wakhala chinthu chodziwika bwino m'nthawi ya outunga, koma panthawiyo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri ku England, chifukwa chake adakhala mwayi wapadera. Oimira a kalasi yapamwamba kwambiri adawonjezeredwa shuga mu masamba, zipatso, mankhwala komanso pafupifupi zonse zomwe adachita. Zotsatira zake, posakhalitsa anthu olemera anayamba kuvutika ku Caries. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Elizabeth, chodziwika chifukwa cha mano ake owola. Akazembe a mayiko ena adandaula mobwerezabwereza kuti mawu ake sikovuta kumvetsetsa, ngakhale pali zonena kuti mavuto omwe ali ndi mano a Mfumukazi Elizabeth mwina adachotsedwa dzino limodzi. Ngakhale kuti mano a Elizabeti anali oyipa kwambiri pakati pa anthu olemera, omwe anasintha kukhala chizindikiro. Pasanapite nthawi, osaukawo anayamba kudetsa mano awo kukhala olemera.
8 Mano Akuda Ankawerengedwanso ku Japan
Mano akuda anali mafashoni komanso kunja kwa Britain. Mosiyana ndi Albion Albion, komwe mphukira kwambiri inali chifukwa, anthu ku zigawo zina za Asia ndi South America mwadala mano. Mtundu wamano unali wofala ku Japan wakale, komwe amatchedwa "Onakoma". Kutchuka kwa Ohaguorido kunafika pakati pa zaka za khumi ndi zitatu ndi khumi ndi zitatu. Makamaka mchitidwewu unali wofala pakati pa atsogoleri omwe ankakonda kupaka nkhope zawo zoyera. Nkhope yoyera idapangitsa mano awo kukhala achikaso, motero adazipatsa zakuda. Samurai amapakanso mano awo kuti awonetse kukhulupirika kwawo kwa eni awo. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha utoto wakuda, womwe anthu adamwa kwa masiku angapo. Chifukwa chake osakaniza anali owawa kwambiri, zonunkhira nthawi zambiri zinali zambiri zowonjezeredwa kukonza. Kuchita pambuyo pake kunatengedwa ndi gulu lotsika. Ohaguoro adaletsedwa mu 1870 pakusintha, mothandizidwa ndi komwe Japan anali kuyesera kupanga mtundu wamakono.
9 mbewa yakufa chifukwa cha mankhwala a dzino
Ululu wamano ndi amodzi mwa zilonda zosasangalatsa kwambiri, ndipo anthu adawazuma kuyambira kale. Aigupto akale anagwiritsa ntchito mbewa zopha nyama zopweteka. Adaphwanya mbewa ndikusakaniza thupi ndi zosakaniza zingapo. Njira yothetsera vutoli idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wodwalayo. Mu "Elizabetan" Britain, omwe, omwe amadziwika kale, anthu ambiri anali ndi mavuto, mbewa zakufa zimawonedwanso ngati mankhwala ozizwitsa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda angapo, kuphatikizapo chifuwa, ospi ndi usiku osakhazikika. Ndipo pamene palibe chomwe chinkachiritsa, mbewa inapita kukadzaza ma pie.
10 Madoko Pecan
The-lotchedwa "Denal Pelican" ndi chipangizo chomwe, mwamwayi, sichigwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano makabati a mano. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kunali kowawa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuwononga mano ndi mano oyandikana nawo. Odwala nthawi zambiri "adalandira pamfundo" kwa dzino lakutali la magazi akuluakulu komanso nsagwada zowonongeka. Ma Denol Pelican adadziwika kuti dzina lake likuti pang'ono kuti pang'onokumbutsa mlomo wa pelican. Inapangidwa m'ma 1300s ndipo imawerengedwa imodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira kuti zichotsedwe mano. Monga tanena kale, omwe anali ometa tsitsi. Tsoka ilo, odwala analibe chosankha koma kupirira pakhumi komanso chiopsezo pafupifupi chotsimikizika chotsimikizika, chifukwa inali njira yokhayo yochotsera dzino lowonongedwa.