Nthawi zambiri, gumbwa ndi miyala ndi nkhuni ili ndi chidziwitso chofunikira ndikupatsa asayansi ku zomwe zapezeka modabwitsa pa moyo wa mazana ndi zaka za zanalo. Olemba achilendo kapena ntchito zosadziwika za umunthu wotchuka ndi "Ausberg pamwamba", ndipo mawuwa lero adzapita.
1. Mankhwala akale a ku Egypt
Mu likulu la Danish, Copenhagen ndi gawo lapadera la zolembedwa pamanja pamanja za ku Egypt. Si onse omwe anali kufooka, ndipo mu 2018 asayansi anasamutsa zachipatala. Zinapezeka kuti zolembedwa pamanja izi zidachokera ku laibulale yakale kukachisi ku Tetunis, zomwe zidalipo mpaka 200 BC Ndipo idakhazikitsidwa kale laibulale yotchuka ku Alexandria.Mu mphala imodzi, idauzidwa za impso za anthu, ndipo izi zinatsimikizira kukhudzika zomwe zikukhulupirira asayansi omwe Aigupto sanadziwe za matupi. Malembo ena kuyambira 3500, kulembedwa kwa Europe kulibebe. Linafotokoza mayeso apamba, omwe pambuyo pake adatchulidwa ngati mankhwala achi Germany mu 1699. Zimatsindikanso zamankhwala zakale zam'madzi za ku Egypt, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayiwalika chifukwa cha zolemba zazikulu zachi Greek ndi Roma. Mu zopereka za Copenhagen, palinso pa kupenda nyenyezi, botnany, etc.
2. Kuzindikira kwa Hypiter Galen
M'mbuyomu, madokotala ankakhulupirira kuti chiberekero cha mayiyo chitha "kuyendayenda" kenako ndikuyambitsa. Koyenda kumene 'kuyendayenda ", osafotokozeredwa, koma dokotala wina wa Roma sanavomereze izi. Dzina lake ndi Galen (30-210 g. n.e.). Ntchito ya dokotala wodziwikayo adakhala mwalawapamene pambuyo pake unasandulika mankhwala amakono. Komabe, zomwe zapezeka posachedwapa zidawonetsa kuti ngakhale Galen adalakwitsa, komanso kwambiri.
Zonsezi zinayamba ndi gumbwa wazaka 2000, womwe palibe amene angawerenge kwa zaka zinai zinayi. Mawu omwe ali mbali zonse a chikalatacho adawoneka ngati kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagalasi, "akani pasadakhale." Popeza gumbwa uyu adabisidwa ku University of Swiss Archive kwazaka zambiri, asayansi adakwanitsa kulandira chikalata chowonongeka kokha mu 2018 kokha. Kalata yobwerera sanali yodabwitsa konse.
Chikalatachi chikakhala ndi mapepala angapo ophatikizika pamodzi, ndipo izi zidachitika. Zinakhala ntchito yosadziwika Galen, yemwe adafotokoza kuzindikira kwawo kwa HYYSTEP. Adati chifukwa cha matendawa ndicho kusowa kwa kugonana. Galen amaganiza kuti, chifukwa chake, mkazi amatha kudwala "kusamala" kapena apnea.
3. Kubwezeretsedwanso Baibulo
Mphamvu zosawerengeka ndi mabuku zinasowa pa bolodi la Heinrich VIII. Ambiri mwa amonke adatsekedwa munthawi ya XVI nthawi ya bolodi ya XVI, imodzi mwazolowera canteury. Panthawi ya vutoli, laibulale yayikulu pa 30,000 mabuku osapsa. Mu 2018, zinali zotheka kudziwa chimodzi mwa mavoliyumuwa - Baibulo lodziwika bwino. Pofika nthawi yomwe mfumu yoononga mfumu ya amonri, bukuli linali la zaka 300.Pambuyo theka la anthu chikwi, atadziwika kuti Ligefield Bible "adayamwa" pamsika wa mabuku osowa ku London. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndowe ndi zopereka, ku Terterbal caldel idagulira kwa mapaundi 100,000 a Sterling (pafupifupi $ 130,000). Cholembedwa pa Chilatini ndikukongoletsedwa bwino, iyi ndi Baibulo lokhalo m'gulu la tchalitchi chakale kwambiri komanso limodzi mwa mabuku 30 aja omwe adakali mulaibulale yoyambirira. Pamodzi ndi ntchito zina zakale, Baibulo Ligfiel tsopano lalembedwa mu UNSCo Region.
4. Kuopa mfumu
Mfumu ya ku England Yavov ndidakumana ndi mantha osaneneka, chifukwa cha omwe maanthu ambiri adaphedwa. Amachita mantha ndi mfiti. Mu 1606, mfumu inkabwera ku nyumba ya "Knola" ku Msungitsi wake Thomas Schville. Panthawi imeneyi, Saxivil ali ndi zipinda zokongola mu nsanja ya nyumba yake. Sizinadziwika kwazaka zambiri, koma Msungichumayo anasamaliranso mfumu ya mfiti.
Mu 2014, zizindikilo zopezeka, zopangidwa kuti zilepheretse mfiti zopita ku zipinda zachifumu. Iwo anali pansi pa zokuta pansi, pamiyala ndi mozungulira poyatsira moto (inali malo oyatsira moto omwe amadziwika kuti njira yomwe mumakonda kuti ilowe mnyumbayo). Zilembozi zonsezi zinkadulidwa ndikuwotchedwa mumtengowo, ndipo cholinga chake chinali kuwonetsetsa kuti namwaliyo Mariya. Kuti agwire mizimu yoyipa, panali nyumba yokhudza misabulo yotchedwa misampha ya ziwanda.
5 Umboni wa Kukhalapo kwa Arthur
Umboni woti khothi la Armur wa Mfumu Arthur adapezeka ku Cornjar, koma okhulupirira okha ndi omwe amakhulupirira kuti wolamulira wanminiya amagwirizana nawo. Kuti bungwe lomwe latsala la chaka 1300 likutsimikizira chilichonse.Mu 2018, oteteza zachilengedwe adapeza mwala munyumba yachifumu, zachikhalidwe zimadziwika kuti ndi malo obadwira Mfumu. Kwa zaka zambiri, malowa adafufuzidwa ndi anthu zikwizikwi omwe amafuna kutsimikizira kuti alipo kwake. Pomaliza, pawindo limodzi makulidwe a 0.61 metres, adapeza chinthu chosangalatsa. Zowonadi, kunalibe mawu oti "Arthur anali pano", koma munthu wophunzirayo adadulidwapo pazenera.
Makalata a Chilatini, zilembo zachikristu, mayina achi Roma ndi a Celtic adapangidwa ndiuthenga amakono olembedwa pamanja a nthawi imeneyo. Osachepera, zinawonetsa kuti anthu omwe amakhala ku Tintagle anali okwera kwambiri, osakwatira achikwangwani. Ndizotheka kuti inali nyumba yachifumu.
6. Laibulale yakale kwambiri ku Germany
Mu 2018, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja a ku Cologne adayamba kuwonjezera mpingo wakale wa Chiprotestanti. Mukayeretsa gawo, gulu lidapeza mabwinjawo pansi pake. Mabwinja oterowo sanali odabwitsa, chifukwa malowa nthawi zonse ankakhala zaka pafupifupi 2000. Aroma anakhazikitsa mzinda wa colowania ku Rhine mchaka cha 50 cha nthawi yathu ndipo anapanga likulu la boma mu 85 la nthawi yathu. Komabe, kusankhidwa kwa kapangidwe kameneka sikunali koonekeratu.
Lingaliro loyambirira kuti misonkhano yaboma idachitikira mnyumbayi idayamba chifukwa cha makoma osazolowereka. Ngakhale kulibe makhoma omwe anali ndi madiponse mu malo opezeka anthu ambiri, makoma opezeka ku Efeso ku Turkey, komwe kunali laibulale yodziwika bwino.
Pachifukwa ichi, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja tsopano amakhulupirira kuti maziko ndi a laibulale yakale kwambiri ya Germany. Omangidwa m'zaka za zana lachiwiri, mwina ndi nkhani ziwiri komanso nkhani 20 x 9. Malo awa adasungidwa pafupifupi 20,000 zikopa 20,000 masikono.
7. Mbiri ya mbiri yakale ya m'Baibulo
Kwa zaka zambiri, gumbwa wa ku Egypt aimfa ndi aliyense mu New York Metropolitan Museum Museum. Mu 2018, ofufuza adaganizanso kuti ayang'ane zojambulajambula. Chilichonse chomwe chadziwika za gumbwa ndi chakuti idapezeka mu 1934 pansi pa piramidi ya Faraoh wanioprta I. Chikalatachi ndi zaka pafupifupi 1500 sizinachitike.Pambuyo powerenga mosamala, zidapezeka kuti malembawo adalembedwa munthawi yomwe Chikhristu chinkachita ku Egypt. Phupa linali ndi matsenga amatsenga, ena amabwera kwa Mulungu. Ndimafunitsitsa kudziwa kuti Mulungu amatchedwa "iwo omwe amatsogolera osamuka a wakupha." Ngakhale Papius samanena za Chipangano Chatsopano, anthu angapo ochokera ku Baibulo lachiyuda amatchulidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, ofufuzawo amakambirana ndi kusintha kwa zomwe zafotokozedwa m'buku la Genesis, pomwe Mulungu adalamula Abulahamu kuti apereke nsembe Isake ya Moria.
Buku la Genesis limanenanso kuti Mulungu adaletsa kufa kwa Isake, koma ku gubus Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zochitika momwe Isaki adaperekera nsembe. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti ichi sichili kalata yoyamba yakale yomwe imati Abrahamu adapha mwana wake.
8. Zolemba za Sukulu za Poizoni
Mu 2018, University of South Ancnmark adaganiza zobwereza laibulale yake yasukulu, ndipo mokwanira buku la nthawi ya Renaissance. Abusa a nthawi imeneyo anaganiza zojambula zakale zomwe zimatanthawuza ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pomanga mabuku atsopano, koma zimayimiranso kufunika kwakukulu kwa asayansi. Zolemba pamanja zitatu zidasankhidwa kuchokera ku gulu la mabuku osowa. Kuti mupeze ngati zokutira zawo zidapangidwa kuchokera ku zikalata zobwezeretsedwa, aliyense wa iwo adayesedwa pansi pa maikulosiccope ya X-ray.
Zinali zopanda ntchito kuti zizioneka maliseche, chifukwa zophimba za zolemba pamanja zinajambulidwa ndi utoto wobiriwira. Lingaliro lidayenera kugwiritsa ntchito Fluorescence kuti azindikire inki yobisika. Zinapezeka kuti utoto mu ultraviolet amawala chifukwa cha zomwe zalembedwa. Utoto wobiriwirawu unali wopanda pake wa nthawi ya Victoria. Arsenic wamkulu adagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mtundu wotchuka wotchedwa Paris Green, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse.
Zotsatira zake, a Victoria adavala mavalidwe oopsa, masitampu okhota ndi arsenic ndipo amakhala m'nyumba zobiriwira zobiriwira. Kupha koopsa kumeneku sikutaya mphamvu yakupha pakapita nthawi, osamva kuwawa ndipo samanunkhiza. Chowonadi china ndichakuti ophunzira omwe amachita ndi mabuku atatu awa mwina amatenga arsenic kudzera pakhungu.
9. Diary kumbuyo kwa pansi
Pamene nyumba yachifumu ya French Alpine idakonzedwa mu 2018, adachotsa pansi pansi mchipindacho pansi. Modabwitsa, mbali yokhazikika ya pansi, adapeza zolemba za Joachim wazaka 38 kuchokera kumudzi wa Le Mrote. Mu 72 zolemba ndi cholembera chitatha 1880 - 1881, Martin adalankhula zambiri za iye. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale moyo wammudzi wa m'mudzi wa XIX NTHAWI YA PA INTANETI.Kugwira ntchito yomanga nyumbayo ngati mmisiri wamatabwa, Martin, yemwe anali wokwatirana, analemba za ansembe omwe akuchitidwapo kwa aliyense motsatana. Ananenanso za chinsinsi chankhanza chomwe Martin adadziwa kuti Benjaminin ali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi kuchokera kwa mbuye wake, ndipo anayi a iwo adaphedwa ndi abambo awo. Martin analemba moona mtima, pofotokoza zinthu zomwe sanathe kulankhula poyera, chifukwa anadziwa kuti pofika nthawi yomwe munthu angakumbukire, akadamwalira kwa anthu amenewa.
Pambuyo potsegula "zolemba zamatabwa" Kalatayo adalembera kuti apemphe m'malo mwa wansembe adapezeka pambuyo pake.
10. Mwachinyengo ndi mipukutu ya kunyanja yakufa
Pali ogula pamsika wakale - alaliki olemera. Akukangana kale zaka zambiri chifukwa cha kufa kwa Nyanja Yakufa. Mipukutuyi imakhala ndi magawo a Baibulo lachiyuda, lomwe ndi zaka 1000 kuposa magwero ena, motero alaliki amakhala okonzeka kulipira mamiliyoni ngakhale chidutswa chaching'ono. Komabe, kugula kofananako kumakopanso chinyengo.
Mu 2017, akatswiri adachenjeza kuti zidutswa za kusindikizidwa ndizotheka. M'malo mwake, akuwopa kuti 90 peresenti ya zidutswa 75 zomwe zikuyenda kuchokera ku dzanja ndi dzanja kuyambira 2002 ndi zabodza. Vuto lalikulu, komabe, ndi ogula. Ambiri aiwo amachititsidwa khungu ndi zomwe akukana kukhulupirira zomwe zidanyengedwa.