Ofufuza a Mikael eyil eyil eyir Errickson adaganiza zowona momwe zidafunidwira kupulumutsidwa kunyanja "Akazi ndi ana oyamba." Anaphunzira ziwerengero za ngalawa 18 zokulirapo zomwe zachitika mu zaka 300 zapitazi, ndipo anakhulupirira kuti zimagwira ntchito, kuti zigwire ntchito modekha, osati zabwino kwambiri.
Poyamba, oyang'anira ndi gululi amapulumutsidwa nthawi zambiri kuposa okwera. Kenako, kuchokera kwa anthu 15,000 omwe adamwalira m'milandu yonseyi, azimayi 17.8% a azimayi adapulumutsidwa, ndipo 34.5% ya amuna! Pics.ru adzauza chifukwa chake zidachitika.Imfa ya Chule, 1852
Mwa anthu 556 anamwalira 365, ndipo onse anali amuna. Amayi ndi ana 13 adapulumutsidwa.
Chingwe chonyamula asitikali aku Britain kupita ku South Africa ndipo analumphira m'mphepete mwa sitima yapamwamba yosankhidwa pamapupo. Woyang'anira wamkuluyo analamula asitikali kuti amange ndi kudumpha azimayi ndi ana ochepa (zinali zowonekeratu kuti mabwato sangakhale okwanira aliyense). Asitikali adasunga dongosololo mpaka sitimayo idagwa, kenako adayesa kupita kumtunda. Asanakhale 1.5-2 mailosi, ndipo madzi amphepete mwa nyanja adadula asodzi. Amakhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi yokongola iyi idayamba chiyambi cha nthano yomwe amayi ndi ana amapulumutsa oyamba.
Okwera oyendetsa arctic amapita pansi, 1854
Anthu 268 anafa, pakati pawo azimayi 62 (ndiye kuti, chilichonse chiri chogwirizana kwathunthu) ndi amuna 165 (pafupifupi 80%).
Sitima ya ku America idayang'aniridwa mu chifunga ndi French West Drimerr. Kaputeniyo, mpaka kumapeto, anayesa kupulumutsa azimayi ndi ana, omwe sanali odutsa, kapena gawo la gululo lololedwa ku maboti. Anthu osankhidwa ndi zigawo zonse, ndipo chifukwa cha kupanikizika komwe timawazunza iwo m'madzi kuti atenge gawo lina la anthu. Amayi amene anakhalabe wokwera ndipo ana anayamba kugawa mabungwe opulumutsira, sitimayo inagwera m'madzi, ndipo onse anamwalira. Panali m'mphepete mwa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 20, ndipo kutentha kwamadzi kuli pafupifupi madigiri 7.
Gudumu steamer chipata chagolide, 1862. moto ndi madzi
Anthu 184 adamwalira, omwe ali azimayi 28 (64% a akazi onse) ndi amuna 156 (50%).
Nkhaniyi imadziwika, makamaka, chifukwa chakuti pompopompo ndi sitimayo inayamba kunyamula golide, yomwe pambuyo pake idapezeka. Koma womata sanali wosavuta. Moto udayamba pa sitimayo. Kapiteniyo anatha kubweretsa ngalawa mpaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo madziwo anali ofunda, koma tsoka, moto unawononga mabwato ena, ndipo kumtunda kunagwetsedwa.
Kukhwima kumpoto kwa Castle, 1873
Mwa anthu 367 adamwalira azimayi 74 (96%) ndi amuna 213 (73%).
Mumdima wa usiku, ophatikizika ndi ankore, sitima yapamadzi yonyamula Chingerezi idawombera ku Spain Steamer Murillo. Norflit inamira theka la ola. Kaputeni anayesa kutsimikizira kuti imfa ya akazi ndi ana ndipo ngakhale kuwombera mwendo kwa munthu amene anaphwanya lamulo lakelo. Anakwanitsa kupulumutsa mkazi wake motere, koma mankhusu anasowa ndipo analipo nthawi yochepa. Awiri mwa okwerawo adapulumutsidwa chifukwa champhamvu yayikulu kwambiri: adakwera masts, ndipo adatola opulumutsa ku sitima zina.
"Gulu limodzilo linaperekedwa ku mabwato awiriwo ndi akazi ndi ana, monga anyani, amuna anathamangitsidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Panali ambiri a iwo ... M'mabwato okhala ndi anthu ambiri, mwachangu, adapita pansi, ndipo onse atatsala pang'ono kuthira madzi ayezi. "
Kugwa kwa Atlantic, 1873
Mwa anthu 868 adamwalira akazi 235 (onse, ngakhale chithunzichi) ndi amuna 305).
Chifukwa cha vuto la Navigation, sitima ya Chingerezi idathamangira kumitsuko. Mabwato a mbali ya kumanzere adatsukidwa ndi madzi ayezi. Anthu adamenyera nkhondo zotsalazo, ambiri osamukira kwawo sanamvetsetse magulu achingerezi. Sitimayo idasweka, ndipo chakudya, pomwe mabatani amapezeka kwa akazi osakwatiwa komanso mabanja, anasowa pansi pamadzi. Gulu lomwe lili ndi zingwe lomwe limatha kupita ku gombe, ndipo anthu ena anali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti atuluke, atanyamula zingwe.
Mtsinje wamwalira - Mfumukazi ya Stemer Alice, 1878
Mwa anthu 837 adapha azimayi 403 (88%) ndi amuna 294 (78%).
Kutumiza kwa mtsinje kumawoneka kotetezeka. Mlanduwo unali m'chilimwe, nyimboyo idasewera sitimayi, ambiri mwa okwera - azimayi ndi ana. Mwadzidzidzi, wowetayo anagonjera ndi Bay Baylewell Castle (akuti kazembe a Alite anali wolakwa). Chovala cholemera chimatsala pang'ono kudula steamer pakati. Princess it mu mphindi 4. M'masiku amenewo, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kusambira, kunali kwamdima, inde azimayi nawonso amanyazi zovala zowala. M'madzi akuda, Mtsinje wa Thames anafera anthu 697.
Oserian oyendetsa Norser Steamer Narge, 1904
Pa gulu la anthu 795. 336 Akazi adamwalira (90%) ndi amuna 299 (71%).
Sitimayi idawonekera pamatumba apansi panthaka. Adatenga Afloat kwa mphindi 20, mantha omwe anali ndi nkhawa, ngakhale magulu a alendo sanamvedwe bwino m'zilankhulo za ku Scandinavia (alendo ndipo anali ochepera). Kaputeni ndi gulu lochulukirapo kapena locheperako kuti azikaika anthu m'mabwato. Gombe ndi thandizo anali kutali kwambiri. Kotero okhawo omwe anali ndi malo okwanira m'mabwato anapulumuka.
Otchuka a Titanic, 1912
Mwa anthu 2208 adapha azimayi 130 (27%) ndi amuna 1366 (79%).
Nkhaniyi inalinso yolemba. Woyang'anira wa Titanic adawopseza kuwombera iwo omwe amaletsa azimayi ndi ana kuti azikhala nawo m'matoo (mwina akudziwa kuti onse sakwanira aliyense). Ndipo, mwa njira, iye anamwalira ndi sitima.
Canadian Liner Heress Ireland, 1914
Mwa anthu 1448 anapha akazi 344 (99%) ndi amuna 629 (60%).
Chifukwa chosamvetsetsa bwino ndi atsogoleri am'mimba m'chipindacho, sitima za ku Norway zidagwera. Zinachitika usiku, ndipo sitimayo inamira kwa mphindi 14. Apaulendo akugona m'munsi osefukira, gawo la maboti linatsuka. Za zoyesayesa zapadera zopulumutsa amayi ndi ana sizikudziwika. Yemwe anali wamphamvu ndi mwayi, omwe amapulumutsidwa.
Imfa ya Lusitania, 1915. Madzi ndi Ajeremani
Mwa anthu 1958 adamwalira azimayi 326 (63%) ndi amuna 864 (60%).
Sitimayo inali yolamulira ndi Ajeremani. Adamira mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo malo omwe ali m'ngalawawo anali ovuta chifukwa chakuti adapitilizabe, ndipo mabwato adasweka za iye. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena adakokera mu kamvuluvulu, yomwe idachokera ku mitsinje ya sitimayo.
Mfundo za ku Italy Mafelda Liner, 1927
Mwa anthu 1186 adapha azimayi 68 (27%) ndi amuna 241 (26%).
Chombocho chinali choyambirira. Pamene iye anapita kunyanja, chotupa chake chosweka, kusweka kunapangidwa. Ntchito zopulumutsa zidakonzedwa kwambiri, okwera omwe adakwiya, ndipo gululo, limadzipulumutsa.
Mavuto ndi Vestz, 1929
Mwa anthu 308 adamwalira akazi 31 (76%) ndi amuna 94 (35%).
Phokoso chifukwa cha zolakwa mu kasamalidwe. Sitimayo idapeza madzi kwanthawi yayitali, koma Captain Medil, kupanga chisankho. Pomaliza, ntchito yopulumutsa iyamba, azimayi ndi ana olimbikira pabwato. Koma awiri a iwo anatembenuka nthawi, ndipo wina anaphwanya mtengo wake modzidzimutsa.
Nightmare Liner Morro Castle, 1934
Mwa anthu 542 anapha azimayi 50 (25%) ndi amuna 80 (23%).
Woyang'anira chombo adadzipha. Posakhalitsa wina wina adayatsa moto ku laibulale ya sitimayo. Gululo ndi kusinthasintha Captain wamkulu wachikhulupiriro adachita zoletsedwa. Sitimayo inkayenda pang'onopang'ono posintha maphunzirowo, kutembenuka mu chitoliro chamoto. Apaulendo adayesa kuzimitsa pawokha. Opulumutsidwa, ambiri timapepala. Ngwazi ya Statwdy iyi inali pawailesi yozungulira, omwe anali atatha kusamukirapo kuchokera kotsiriza. Ndipo zaka 19 pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti adapereka poizoni woyendetsa ndikuyatsa moto.
Kumizidwa kwa Msungwana wa Chingerezi Wamtundu wa Chingerezi Wapamwamba Victoria, 1953
Mwa anthu 179 adamwalira akazi 31 (onse) ndi amuna 104 (71%).
Panthawi yamkuntho, chipata cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha Chatto. Sitimayo inali chete kwa nthawi yayitali, koma makhothi omwe anawapulumutsa sakanakhoza kuzipeza mwanjira iliyonse. Makhalidwe mobwerezabwereza, azimayi ndi ana adabzala m'bwato limodzi, ndipo mafunde ake adatembenuka. Mabwato ena onse sanatuluke kwenikweni.
Tsoka la Soviet. Steamer Alral Nakhomov, 1986
Mwa anthu 1243 adamwalira 251 azimayi (37%) ndi amuna 172 (31%).
Sitima yonyamula katundu inagwera mu steamer. Sitimayo idapita pansi pamadzi mu mphindi 7. Kaputeni adangoyendetsa kuti athe kusiya sitimayo, ndipo gululo liyeneranso kupulumutsa ndalama zochepa.
Ferry Crash Estonia, 1994
Mwa anthu 989 adapha azimayi 459 (95%) ndi amuna 393 (78%).
Choyambitsa imfa ya Ferry ndi nyengo yoipa nyengo ndi zovuta zopanga. Madzi ozizira, ndupu yamphamvu, ambiri sakanatha kupita ku sitimayo, sakanakhoza kukoka bwato, mbuto zongofera zokha zokha. Zochita zingapo zimadziwika za zomwe gululi, thandizo lidapezeka, koma zomwe amakondana sizinachitike.
Philippines Seence Star Star, 2008
Mwa anthu 800 adapha akazi 320 (98%) ndi amuna 471 (90%).
Mwana wamkazi wamfumu mwina adamwalira chifukwa cha chilema. Opulumutsa adafika atangomaliza maola 24, maboti ndi madamu anali mavuto. Za zochita za gululi zochepa zimadziwika.
Batran Moto Watgalimoto Bulgaria, 2011
Sitimayo inagwa liwiro lalitali kwambiri ndipo, pazifukwa zosadziwika, zombo ziwiri, woyamba kukhala ndi malo owombera, omwe adapulumuka sanathandize. Ziwerengero zimawonedweratu.
Kutanthauzira ndi Zolemba: Ponomire Elizabeth
Chithunzithunzi Chithunzi: Wikimdia Commons, Freakimi.ru
Kulengeza: Kubalana ndi penti kwa I. Aivazovsky "Takulandirani M'mapiri a Athos"