Dokotala wa dokotala Alexander Reznik ochokera ku St. Petersburg akukamba za komwe ku BUSSA uja ukubwera, monga momwe ziliri zaka za m'ma 2000 apolisi ku Russia ndi kunja, zomwe zinali m'mbuyomu ndipo tikuyembekezera Inu mtsogolo. Zomwe zidapezeka, sichotali ndi phirilo. Timalankhula mopanda ngongole komanso zosintha. Gawo la oyamba, kuchitapo kanthu m'mbiri.
Antiquity ndi azaka zapakati
Onkha, lingaliro losintha nsalu zowonongeka za thanzi la thanzi. Umboni woyamba walembedwa pafupifupi 1000 BC, pomwe opaleshoni ya Indian Schitu idafotokoza njira yopatsira pakhungu yothandizira mphuno. Koma kupanda chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi chikhulupiriro mu matsenga kwa moyo kunasiya lingaliro lopanda thupi. Kuyesa konse kuyika khungu (m'masiku amenewo? M'masiku amenewo) ndidaphika kuti ndiyesere kujowina chidutswa ndikuwona zomwe zidzachitike. Ndipo palibe chomwe chidzakhale, inde.
Ndikupezeka kwa Renaissance mantha akale, osakanikirana osazindikira komanso chikhulupiriro chonse mu Alchemmy, adayamba kutha, pang'onopang'ono amapita ku malingaliro asayansi. Ndipo mchitidwe wopeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chatsopano sunadzipangitse kukhala wotalika. Mwachitsanzo, gasikoqsi anali dokotala wa opaleshoni ku Italy. Mu theka lachiwiri la XVI, adachita opaleshoni ya pulasitiki, chabwino, monga momwe zidakhalira pomwepo, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi mwanjira iliyonse. M'malo mwake, adalenga. Nthawi ina adapeza chidwi ndi chidwi chakhungu lowonongeka, koma wopanda zakudya (magazi), amabweretsa kulephera kwa ntchito yonse. Osakhala mtsogolo, koma poyang'ana kwambiri.
Komabe, patatha zaka zana, adasowa kwathunthu ndi a John Hunter, yemwe adachita zoyesera zake mu gawo la opareshoni ndikusinthana ndipo kenako adadzakhala wamano ku London. Anali ndi chidaliro kuti nsalu sizituluka chifukwa cha "mfundo ya moyo" (mu moyo "woyambirira") ndipo adatsogolera chiphunzitso chonse motere, momwe adasinthira kuyika kwa minofu a thumba la ovarsies ndi ma testicles ndikuwona kuti zitha.
Mapeto ake anali otere: Ngati nsalu siyimasulira atalandira atalandira, sizikwaniritsidwa. Awa amaganiza kuti ndikupanga maziko a ziwalozo, zomwe patapita nthawi adalandira chitukuko chachangu, koma panthawiyi linkatchedwa "mfundo ya moyo" ndipo ndi.
Panali, anthu ena asayansi odziwika bwino m'derali, koma ndikuyang'ana kwambiri zitsanzozi. Pakutha kwa zaka za zana la XVIII, chidziwitso chapeza "London Royal Society kuti chitukuko chilengedwe" chinathetsa kusintha kwa minofu ndi kusinthira kwawo ndikotheka. Pansi zina.
Zaka za zana la XIX ndi pang'ono za XX
Mu 1812, dokotala ndi dokotala wamankhwala Julien Jesar Kegar mwana adalemba m'mawuwo a yunivesite yachifumu ya malingaliro ake.
"Chitsitsimutso cha ziwalo ndipo ngakhale mtembo wonse chikhala chotheka ngati chidzatha kupanga mikhalidwe yoyenda magazi ndi magazi enieni kapena madzi ena onse omwe amatha kusintha magazi."
Ndiye kuti, lingaliro la Le Gagai linali loti tisunge "moyo", kuchirikiza kufalikira (magazi) mu minofu. Iye sanayambe kuphunzira kufalikira kwa magazi (kenako kunalibe mawu ngati anthu okha, chifukwa dziko lamakono laukadaulo silinaperekenso mikhalidwe yocheperako, koma masomphenya ake anali maziko a ntchito ya asayansi ambiri Zaka za zana la 20.
Chofunika kwambiri chopezeka chifukwa chakukula kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwachitika pamene amaganiza kuyang'ana mu ma microscope. Zidawonekeratu kuti cholumikizira cha nsalu chimapezeka chifukwa cha kumera kwa ziwiya zatsopano, osati chifukwa cha kumera kwabwino kwa minofu. Chiphunzitso cha Hunter adataya chidwi, ndipo aliyense anathamangira kuti apange zida zogwiritsira ntchito kufalitsa ziwalo.
Chifukwa Chiyani Kupanga Zipangizo? Chifukwa sakanakhoza kudziwa kalikonse kubzala ndiye - njirazo sizikudziwa, sizinabwere naye. Koma sayansi idapitilira ndipo koyamba kuwunikira zidakhala nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, aliyense adayamba kuphunzira za zomwe ziwalo zamunthu - adalumikizana nawo ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikuwona kuti zingakhale njira yothetsera iwo, ndipo bwanji ngati izi. Kulankhula m'mawu amakono - zonunkhira zazitali kwambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Kuyesa koyamba kwa zonunkhira za matupiwo adapangidwa ndi Edward Lober mu 1849.
Kupitilira apo, mu 1885, azazipatala azomwe amapanga zimasokoneza chipangizocho, malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndiye kuti, adasonkhanitsa galimoto yakanthawi, ndiye kuti, adasonkhanitsa gulu loyambirira la egaratus yamagazi.
Zaka zina 10, mu 1895, Oscar Langendorf idabwera ndi njira yosavuta yosinthira ziwalo. Adatenga malo osungirako, omwe adalumikizidwa naye chubu, adalowa chubu kupita ku chiwalo, madzi amadutsa thupi mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka. Zosavuta ngati pie.
Mu 1899 (pambuyo pa zaka zinayi), Compatoot Ilya Fakdevich mothandizidwa ndi apiaratus idathandizira ntchito ya mtima wa achule kwa maola 48.
Mwa njira, kwa zaka 41 m'mbuyomu, mu Meyi 1858, munkhani yake ya Royal College of England, neurophologist wanthawi yomweyo a Charles Brow-Pech adalimbana ndi ntchito za ubongo kudzera mu Zombo zolekanitsidwa ndi mutu wa mutu.
Ndidasankha ziwerengero za asayansi Ntchito zake pa chitukuko cha mphamvu ya vascular shoam ndikuyika mphamvu ya zombo ndi ziwalo zomwe zidakhala mwala wapamwamba komanso mu 1912 adalandira mphotho ya Nobel. Inde, iwo amene ntchito zawo zidathandizira kuti a. Karrel, koma sindilembera za iwo, chifukwa kalata yakale yachedwa.
Alexis Carrel - bambo wa kukwerera kwamakono (wopanda tanthauzo):
Tate weniweni wamakono amawonedwa ngati Vladimir Petrovich Demol, koma panthawi yotumiza mphoto ya Nobel, Vladimir Petrovich sanakhalepo padziko lapansi.
Zaka za XX, ntchito yoyamba
Chifukwa chake, msoko wa nyundo unapangidwa, ali ndi njira:
Panali mwayi wosoka zotengerazo pakati pawo ndipo kenako anapita.
Idman Ulman adayamba kuyambitsa impso mu 1902, sanayesere kubzala nkhumba kwa anthu ndikusiya kuyesa. Mwa njira, nthawi yomweyo, dokotala waku Russia A.A. Kulyabko kukhoza ndi woyesedwa ndi chitsitsimutso cha mtima.
Mathieu Zorboli mu 1906 adakhala ntchito impso ziwiri kuchokera ku nkhumba ndi mbuzi kwa anthu osiyanasiyana akuyesera kuti achiritse kulephera kwa impso. Ngakhale adanenanso kuti aboma amagwira ntchito kwakanthawi kuti sizingakhale zoona. Kalanga ine, odwala onse adamwalira.
Impso zopambana padziko lonse lapansi zimapangidwa ndi munthu wamwamuna adapangidwa ndi dokotala wa Soviet Yu.Yu. Voronov mu Epulo 1933. Kenako sizinadziwike kuti izi ndizodabwitsa ngati izi, sizinasamutsidwe madera, sizinasamutsidwe maboma ndipo, zoona, sikuti, wodwalayo anafa pambuyo pa masiku awiri. Komabe, chinali chitsimikizo cha kusasinthasintha kwachipatala kwa ziwalo zonse. Kupatula apo, izi zisanachitike, amangolankhula za zidutswa za nsalu.
Pambuyo posintha nthawi yochepa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kwa nthawi yoyamba, mitundu yonse ya ma transplants idachitidwa, yoyamba poyesa v.p. DemalEv, kenako anthu osiyanasiyana mu chipatala.
Vladimir petrovich demov
V.p. Demohov, anali munthu wovuta komanso womvetsa chisoni. Pazomwe amalapa, adayamba kupemphana ntchito, poyamba adapatsidwa, kenako adasiyidwa chilichonse komanso kuphatikiza manyazi
Zoyesayesa zabwino zalembedwa pano.
Mu 1960, adalemba chikondwerero choyamba cha padziko lonse lapansi pa zomwe dziko lapansi limabweretsa kuti "Kuthana ndi ziwalo zofunika poyeserera" - ntchito yayikulu ya moyo wake. Amamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zina, lofalitsidwa ku USA ndi Europe. Ndipo ku USSR, ntchitoyi sinawoneke, kuphatikizapo, labotale yake inali kuyesera kutseka nthawi imodzi, chifukwa cha "kuchuluka". Pofuna kuteteza chinsinsi cha ntchito yayikulu pantchito yoyamba ya Moscow Institute sunapatse ndipo adakakamizidwa kusinthana ndi chisamaliro chadzidzidzi. N.v. Sklifosovsky, komwe adagawidwa malo a labotale:
"Zowonadi, unali chipinda m'chipinda chapansi ndi ma lalikulu 15, theka lomwe linalandidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa ammonia ndi zovala zokonzekera. Kuwala kowala bwino, kunyowa, kuzizira. Wogwira Ntchito Ndi Kuwala Kwa Nyadi Yanga Yachikulu, zida zake sikuti, zoukira zoukira zojambula zojambula zojambula, komanso Cardiography yojambulidwa. M'malo mwa compressor - yoyeretsa wakale. Pansi pa Windows Windows, chipinda cha booler, ndikudzaza chipindacho ndi utsi. Panalibe m'nyumba za nyama, nyama kudya, kumwa, kumwa, kumwa mankhwala ndi njira ndipo anachira kale, mu labotale ".
Mu 1963, zosokoneza pambuyo pa zonse zinayamba kuteteza mu wasayansi wa wasayansi wa ku Moscowschu Council ya ofuna kusamalira sayansi yachilengedwe. Pambuyo poteteza ndi kusinthika kwa otsutsa, ndiye kuti kukambirana kwanzeru kunachitika mosadziwika bwino "chifukwa" - otsutsa a v.p. Dema anagonjetsa holoyo. Koma adakhala ndi theka la ora lotsatira la sayansi, wasayansi anali pansi pa ntchito ya dissertation, yomwe imatsata voti yachiwiri, ndipo Ma demov adakhala dokotala wa sayansi yachilengedwe.
Munthawi kuyambira 1963 mpaka 1965 Gulu lake lidapanga njira zosungira anthu okhala ndi malo okhala m'matumbo apadera olumikizidwa ndi dongosolo la "inkil". Tinasungabe nyama pa masiku 7 (izi sizingatheke lero).
Mu 1965, mumembala pa Transplantchi, adanenanso kuti akupanga matupi a dongo, popereka, makamaka, kuyika ziwalo za anthu mkati mwa nkhumba, pomwe iwo angasungidwe. Lingaliro lidagonjetsedwa, limatchedwa "Ahineya Woyera", osagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikominisi. Nthawi yomweyo werengani nkhani yokonzekera kwa akuluakulu onena za kusowa kwa demichov ya maudindo onse asayansi ndi labotale.
Chizunzo pa v.p. Demofa sanathe kwakanthawi, kumphamvu zakukulimba, pamapeto pake, adadwala sitiroko ndipo pang'onopang'ono adataya kukumbukira kwake. Atakhala pamodzi ndi mkazi wake mu umphawi wathunthu, ngakhale dokotala wachigawo adagonjetsedwa ndi umphawi ndi zoopsa za nyumba ya wasayansi yapamwamba kwambiri panthawi ya asayansi. Vladirir Peprovich adamwalira mu 1998, atatsala pang'ono kuphedwa mwachitatu pakukula kwa maluso a aortoctortortornary Spend.
Kupitiliza kwa nkhaniyi kudzasindikizidwa sabata yamawa - pafupifupi. Ed.