Sau da yawa, papyrus, dutse da katako da katako suna da mahimmanci bayanai da kuma samar da masana kimiyya ga abubuwan ban mamaki game da rayuwar masu ban mamaki game da rayuwar ɗaruruwan da millennia da suka gabata. Littattafan da ba a sani ba ko ba a sani ba game da shahararrun halayen mutane sune kawai "Ausberg sama", da magana a yau za su yi game da su.
1. Tsohon maganin Masar
A cikin Danish babban birnin, Copenhagen shine tarin abubuwan rubutun ne na Masarawa. Ba dukansu sun lalace ba, kuma a cikin 2018 masana kimiyyar kimiyya canjawa da yawa ayoyin likita. Ya juya cewa wadannan rubuce-rubucen ne "'yan asalin" ne daga tsohon dakin karatu a kasar Tebattis, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa 200 BC Kuma aka kafa tun kafin sanannen ɗakin karatu a Alexandria.A cikin bijimi daya, aka fada game da koda mutum, kuma wannan ya tabbatar da cewa umarnin masana kimiyya tabbaci cewa Masarawa ba su san gawarwakin ba. Wata rubutun kwanan wata daga kusan 3500, lokacin da rubuce rubuce na Turai bai wanzu ba tukuna. Ya bayyana takamaiman gwajin ciki, wanda daga baya aka ambata a matsayin magani na Jamusanci a cikin 1699. Yana kuma jaddada tasirin millennial na tsohuwar magungunan Masarawa, wanda yawanci ana manta saboda babban matani na Girka da Roman da Roman. A cikin tarin Copenhagen, akwai kuma ayyuka na Ashrology, botany, da sauransu.
2. Cigaba da abubuwan bincike na galen
A da, likitocin sun yi imani cewa mahaifa na mace na iya "yawo" sannan kuma haifar da Tantrum. A ina ne ainihin ta "Wander", ba a bayyana ba, amma likitan Rome bai goyi bayan wannan batun ba. Sunansa Galen (30-210 G. N.e.). Aikin wannan sanannen likita ya zama tushe na gaskiyar cewa daga baya ya canza magani na zamani. Koyaya, gano kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ko da Galen ya zama kuskure, kuma da yawa.
Duk an fara ne da Papyrus mai shekaru 2000, wanda ba wanda zai iya karanta ƙarni huɗu. Rubutun a ɓangarorin biyu na daftarin ya duba kamar an yi amfani da shi ga madubi, "ass a gaba." Tunda wannan Papyrus ya hade a Jami'ar Switzeran Switzerland na ƙarni, masana kimiyya sun yi nasarar samun takaddar da aka lalata kawai a cikin 2018. Harafin maido ba mai girma bane kwata-kwata.
Takardar da yawa sun hallara da takardu da yawa takardu tare da juna, kuma ba daidai ba ne. Ya zama abin da ba a san shi ba ne na Galen, wanda ya bayyana kansa game da cutarsa game da cutar hesysex. An yi zargin cewa sanadin cutar shine rashin jima'i. Tunani na Galen, a sakamakon haka, mace ce ta sha wahala daga "huhu efleration efretation" ko apnea.
3. Littafi Mai-Tsarki
Wace iko mai tsarki da littattafai sun ɓace yayin gwarzon Heinrich Viii. An rufe mafi yawan mutanen gidajen ibadun a cikin karni na XVI a lokacin da aka yi a karni na XVI, ɗayan ya kasance babban cocin catherbury. A lokacin wannan rikicin, babban ɗakin karatu daga cikin littattafan 30,000,000 sun ɓace. A shekara ta 2018, yana yiwuwa a gano ɗayan waɗannan sun kunnawa - Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai wuya. A lokacin da lokacin Sarki Hinrich ya hallaka gidajen ibadun, wannan littafin ya riga ya tsufa.Bayan rabin dubuni, bayan abin da ake kira Libelfield littafi mai tsarki "ya tashi" a gwanjo na littattafai masu karancin a London. Yin amfani da tallafi da gudummawa, babban cathedbury ya saya don ɗaukar nauyin 100,000 na Sterling (kusan $ 130,000). Rubuta a kan latin da ado ne kawai, wannan shine kawai Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin tarin ayyukan A Cathedral da ɗaya daga cikin littattafan 30 da har yanzu suna cikin ɗakin karatu na ainihi. Tare da wasu tsoffin ayyukan, Ligfield yanzu an jera shi a cikin rijistar UNESCO.
4. Tsoron Sarki
Sarkin Ingila na Yakov Na dandana wani sabon tsoro na daban, sakamakon wanda aka kashe daruruwan daruruwan talatin. Yana jin tsoron mayu. A cikin 1606, sarki zai zo ne zuwa wurin "ƙulli" wanda aka tsara shi a cikin Babban Tasaninsa Schville. A wannan lokacin, Saxivil ya sanya ɗakunan dakuna masu ban sha'awa a cikin hasumiyar gidansa. Ba a sani ba na ƙarni, amma ma'aunan sun kula da kare sarki na mayu.
A cikin 2014, alamu da aka samo a cikin sani, tsara don hana wa maye don zuwa ga ɗakunan sarauta. Sun kasance a ƙarƙashin filayen kasan, a kan katako da kuma auren murhun (shi ne gobarar da aka yi la'akari da ita hanyar mayu don shiga gidan). Waɗannan haruffan duka sun yanke kuma an ƙone su a cikin itacen, kuma an yi niyya don tabbatar da kare Budurwa Maryamu. Don kama mugayen ruhohi, akwai kuma Labyrintiyawa da ake kira tarkuna wa aljanu.
5 tabbatacce na wanzuwar sarki Arthur
Shaidar da kasancewar a farfajiyar farfajiyar Sarki Arthur, amma masu bi kawai suka yi imani da almara. Ga ragowar mai shekaru 1300 yana tabbatar da komai.A shekara ta 2018, da masu kare yanayin suka sami dutse a cikin gidan Tintagel, bisa ga al'ada sun ɗauki matsayin haihuwar Sarki Arthur. Shekaru ƙarni, dubban mutane sun bincika wannan wurin suna son tabbatar da wanzuwar sa. A ƙarshe, a kan ɗayan m mita na 0.61 Mita, sun sami cikakken bayani. Tabbas, babu rubutu "Arthur yana nan", amma an ƙaddara mutum mai ilimi a fili akan windowsill.
Lain Harafi, Ka'idojin Kirista, sunaye da aka saba da litattafan da aka rubuta a wannan lokacin. Aƙalla, ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka rayu a Tintagle sun kasance babban-al'ada, ba masu 'yan baranda ba. Zai yiwu mazaunin sarauta ne.
6. Babban Laburranci mafi tsufa a Jamus
A shekara ta 2018, masanan kayan tarihi daga Cologne sun fara faɗaɗa tsohon Cocin Prototest coci. A lokacin da share ƙasa, ƙungiyar ta sami kango a ƙarƙashinsa. Irin wannan kangin ba abin mamaki bane, saboda wannan yanki yana zaune koyaushe fiye da shekaru 2000. Romawa sun kafa birnin mulkin mallaka a cikin shekara ta 50 ta shekara ta zamaninmu kuma ta sanya ita cibiyar karamar hukumar ta cikin 85 daga zamaninmu. Koyaya, nadin wannan sashin ba a bayyane yake ba.
Farkon zato da cewa an gudanar da tarukan jama'a a ginin da ganuwar da ba ta saba ba. Dukda cewa babu wasu bangon bango da aka samu a wuraren da ba a san su ba, irin wannan bangon da aka samu a Afisa, inda akwai wani dakin karatu sananne.
A saboda wannan dalili, ilmin kayan tarihi sun yi imani cewa tushe nasa ne mafi tsufa na Jamus. Gina a karni na biyu, wataƙila labari biyu ne kuma ya danganta mita 20 x 9. Da zarar an kiyaye wannan wurin kusan famuka 20,000 da kuma Papyrus Rolls.
7. Shafin tarihin littafi mai tsarki
Shekaru da yawa, Papyrus ta manta da kowa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na New York. A cikin 2018, masu binciken sun sake yanke shawarar duba zane-zane. Duk abin da aka sani game da Papyrus shi ne cewa an samo shi a cikin 1934 a karkashin dala na Senerta na Senerta I. The takarda kimanin shekaru 1500 bai taba yanke hukunci ba.Bayan nazarin hankali, ya juya cewa an rubuta rubutun a lokacin yayin da addinin Krista aiki a Misira. Papyrus ya ƙunshi sihiri mai sihiri, wasu suna da kira ga Allah. Yana da sha'awar cewa Allah ya kira "waɗanda ke jagorantar mawaƙin mai kisan." Duk da cewa Papius bai ambaci Sabon Alkawari ba, mutane da yawa daga cikin Yahudawa ake kira suna. A saboda wannan dalili, masu binciken suna yin la'akari da rubutu ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru da aka bayyana a cikin littafin Farawa, lokacin da Allah ya umarci Ibrahim ya ba Ibrahim ya ba da ɗansa Ishaku a kan Dutsen Moria.
Littafin Farawa ya faɗi cewa Allah ya hana mutuwar Ishaku, amma a cikin papyrus labarin yana bayanin abubuwan da suka faru ta wannan hanyar da aka miƙa Ishaku. Abin sha'awa, wannan ba shine farkon rubutun da ya ce Ibrahim ya kashe ɗanta ba.
8. Littattafan makaranta masu guba
A shekara ta 2018, Jami'ar Denmark ta yanke shawarar sake bunkasa laburrenta na makarantar, da kuma qarqashin littafin da ke tazarar Reenaissance. Twisters na wannan lokacin da aka dauki tsoffin passalment ba ma'ana da amfani dasu don ɗaure sabbin littattafai, amma suna wakiltar darajar masana kimiyya. An zaɓi rubutun uku daga tarin littattafan da baktu. Don gano ko an yi murfin da aka sake shi ne daga takardunsu, kowannensu ya bincika a ƙarƙashin alamar X-ray Micrscope.
Ba shi da amfani a bincika tsirara ido, saboda murfin rubuce-rubucen an fentin tare da fenti kore. Manufar ta kasance don amfani da kyalli don gano abubuwan banƙyama. Ya juya cewa fenti a cikin ultviolet haske saboda abun ciki na Arsenic a ciki. Wannan launin kore na kore ya kasance mai yawan maganar banza ne na zamanin Victoria. An yi amfani da manyan Arsenic don ƙirƙirar sanannen launi da ake kira Paris Green, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ko'ina.
Sakamakon haka, masu cin abinci masu guba suna da guba mai guba, da aka yi wa tambarin lambar waje tare da Arenic kuma rayu a gidajen bangon waya. Wannan mawuyacin yatsan ba ya rasa ƙarfi a kan lokaci, kar ku dandana kuma baya jin ƙanshi. Wani gaskiyar abin tsoro shine cewa ɗaliban da suka gudanar da waɗannan littattafan nan uku da alama sun sha ars ta fata.
9. Diary a bayan bene
Lokacin da tsohon Faransa mai girma Faransanci aka gyara a cikin 2018, cire kasan kasuwar a cikin dakin a saman bene. Abin mamaki, a gefe na bene, sun sami littafin wani dan wasa dan shekaru 38 mai shekaru Joacas daga ƙauyen Le Mrot. A cikin bayanin kula na 72 tare da fensir ya kasance 1880 - 1881, Martin yayi magana da kansa da yawa. Wannan ya ba da wani ra'ayi mai saurin rayuwa na rayuwar ƙauyen XIX.Yin aiki a kan ginin katangar a matsayin kafinta, Martin, wanda ya yi aure, ya rubuta game da firiji na gida koyaushe ya ja da kowa a jere. Ya kuma rubuta asirin mai rauni: Martin ya san cewa abokinsa na Biliyaminsa mata da haihuwa, ya kashe mahaifinsu kuma mahaifinsu. Martin ya rubuta a fili, yana kwatanta abubuwa game da abin da ba zai iya magana a bayyane ba, domin ya san cewa wani zai sami tunaninsa, zai mutu da abubuwan da ya yi.
Bayan bude wani "katako na katako", masu binciken da aka horar da su lokacin da Ioachim Martin ya rayu (1842-1897) cewa yana da violin. Harafin ya rubuta ya nemi maye firist daga baya.
10. zamba tare da tawayen teku da suka mutu
Akwai masu sayen fa'ida a cikin kasuwar tsufa - wa'azin bishara. Sun riga sun yi horo na ƙarni don ƙarancin raunin da mutuwar Tekun Matattu. Waɗannan rukunin takardu suna ɗauke da sassan littafin Baya na Yahudawa, wanda ke da shekara 1000 da haihuwa, da sauran kafofin, don haka masu bishara suna shirye don biyan miliyoyin ko kaɗan. Koyaya, masu sayen masu siyar da juna suna jan hankalin masu sha.
A cikin 2017, masana sun yi gargadin cewa yawancin gutsattsarin a wurare dabam dabam ne. A zahiri, suna jin tsoron cewa kashi 90 na kashi 75 da ke motsawa daga hannu zuwa hannun 2002 sune fakes. Babban matsalar, duk da haka, masu siye ne. Yawancinsu suna makanta sosai da izinin mallakar yanki da suka ƙi gaskatawa da abin da aka yaudare.