Tattaunawa mai jima'i Alexander Reznik daga St. Petersburg game da inda Reshen na 21 akwai ayyukan a cikin Rasha da kuma kasashen waje, wanda yake a cikin abubuwan da yake tare da ku a gaba. Wanda, kamar yadda ya juya, ba kusa da dutsen ba. Mun buga ba tare da takardar kudi da gubobi ba. Wani ɓangare na farkon, balaguron balaguro a cikin tarihi.
Tsufa da tsoho
Da kansa, ra'ayin canza halittar halittar dan adam ta lalata lafiya ya bayyana a tsufa. An danganta shaidar maganganun farko da aka danganta shi da kusan 1000 BC, lokacin da Injiniyan Ingila Schitu ta bayyana dabarar fata mai rauni don lura da raunin hanci. Amma rashin ilimin kimiyya da imani a cikin yanayin sihiri na rayuwa ya bar ra'ayin ba tare da wani mutum ba. Dukkanin yunƙurin dasa fata (a wancan zamani game da shi ne kawai) Na yi Boiled ƙasa don ƙoƙarin shiga wani yanki don ganin abin da zai faru. Kuma babu abin da zai kasance, ba shakka.
Tare da abin da ya faru na Renaissance Tsohon tsoro, gauraye a cikin rashin sani da kuma imani a cikin Alchemy, ya fara ɓacewa, sannu a hankali ya ba da hanya zuwa tunanin kimiyya. Kuma al'adar samun da kuma amfani da sabon sani bai sanya da kansa jira. Misali, tiyata titalon ne daga Italiya. A karo na biyu na karni na XVI, ya shiga cikin tiyata na filastik, da kyau, gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu a kowace hanya. A zahiri, ya halitta shi. Ya sau da zarar ya jawo hankalin da cewa wanda zai maye gurbin fata mai lalacewa ya kasance m, amma bashi da abinci mai gina jiki (wadatar jini), yana haifar da gazawar dukiyar. Da ba a makom-gaba ba, amma babban abin lura.
Koyaya, bayan shekaru 100, wanda ya kasance cikin gwaje-gwajensa, wanda ya kasance cikin gwaje-gwajensa a fagen tiyata da dasawa sannan ya zama likitan hakora a London. Ya kasance da tabbacin cewa yadudduka ba su fito ne saboda asarar "Tsohon ƙa'idar Fata" (a cikin ainihin "Lifea'idodin Life") kuma ya jagoranci cikakken koyarwa da nama. na ovaries da jarabawa kuma suna kallon cewa zai yi aiki.
Kammalawa kamar haka ne: Idan masana'anta ba ta fassara kai tsaye bayan karɓa ba, ba ya zuwa gaskiya. Wadannan jihani da kafa tushen manufar gabaɗaya, wanda bayan wani lokaci ya sami saurin ci gaba, amma a wancan lokacin ana kiranta "manufa ta" manufa ta "ita ce hakan.
Akwai, ba shakka, wasu sanannun masana kimiyya a wannan yanki, amma zan mai da hankali ga waɗannan misalai. A karshen karni na XVIII, Ilimin ya tara isa ga ci gaban yanayin yanayi "da aka bayar da kuduri da ke farfado da kyallen takarda da kuma dasa su yana yiwuwa. A karkashin wasu yanayi.
Karni na XIX da Little karni na XX
A cikin 1812, likita da likitocin likita Julien Julien Jean Cesar Lear Le Leesar Le Galua ya rubuta a cikin rahoton don jami'an sarki game da tunaninsa:
"Tarurrukan gabobin kuma har ma da gawar gaba daya zai yuwu idan ta sami damar kirkiro da yanayin yada jini ko kuma wasu ruwa mai gina jiki wanda zai iya maye gurbin jini."
Wato, ra'ayin Lealua Lealua shi ne cewa yana yiwuwa a kiyaye "ka'idar rayuwa", wucin gadi yana tallafawa wurare dabam dabam (kewaya jini) a cikin nama. Shi da kansa bai taba yin nazarin yaduwar wucin gadi ba (to, babu irin wannan ajali guda ɗaya, tun lokacin da masifin fasaha na zamani bai ma bayar da ƙarancin aikin masana kimiyya da yawa a ciki ba karni na 20.
Ciganta mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban dasawa an yi shi ne lokacin da suka yi tunanin duba cikin micticcope na ganima. Ya zama bayyananne cewa adonin masana'anta na faruwa ne saboda ƙwayar sabbin kayayyaki, kuma ba sakamakon m dankoon kyallen takarda ba. Ka'idar mafarauta ta rasa mahimmanci, kuma kowa ya gudu don yin na'urori don kiyaye wurare dabam dabam a cikin gabobin.
Me yasa na'urori ke yin na'urori? Domin ba zai iya sanin komai don dasawa ba - dabarun ba su sani ba, bai fito tare da ita ba tukuna. Amma ilimin kimiyya ya ci gaba kuma da na farko dasawa ya wanzu sosai lokaci. Don haka da farko kowa ya dauki nazarin abubuwan da kadarorin jikin gida - sun haɗu da su zuwa wasu daban-daban ta hanyar da zai zama idan hakan zai kasance don irin wannan mafita ta hanyar, kuma menene idan irin wannan. Da yake magana a cikin harshe na zamani - yaudarar gabobin da ke tattare da shi a wurare daban-daban.
An yi ƙoƙarin farko na jikin jikin da Edward Lobs ne a 1849.
Bugu da ari, a cikin 1885, ilimin likitanci Max Force Fread Cread The na'urar, a cewar halaye na zuciyarsa, wanda ya tattara farkon saiti na yaduwa na wucin gadi.
Wani shekaru 10, a cikin 1895, Logendorf na Oscar ya zo da hanya mai sauƙi na gabobi. Ya ɗauki tafki, ya haɗa shi a haɗe a jikin sashin jikin, ruwan ya wuce cikin jiki a ƙarƙashin aikin nauyi. Kamar sauki kamar kek.
A cikin 1899 (bayan wani shekaru 4), Ila Faddeeevich tare da taimakon wannan kayan aikin ya ba da goyan bayan aikin ƙwallon zuciya na 48.
Af, tsawon shekaru 41 kafin, a watan Mayu 1858, a cikin jawabinsa don Kwalejin Kolejin Ingila, sanannen masanin likitan cuta na Charlowy na cewa Charles Brown-sech sun yi kokarin mayar da wasu ayyukan jini ta amfani da turare na jini ta hanyar tasoshin da aka keɓe daga kan kai.
Na zabi sanannen masana kimiyya na wannan lokacin, duk ni ba ni murfi, amma ayyukan yawancin zamaninsu sun taƙaita likita guda daga Faransa wanda ake kira Aleksis Carrel. Ayyukansa kan ci gaban da imposition na jijiyoyin vascular da dasawa na tasoshin da gabobin ya zama ainihin tushe na dasawa na zamani da a 1912 ya sami kyautar Nobel. Tabbas, waɗanda ayyukansu suka ba da gudummawa ga nasarar A.Rebor, amma ba zan rubuta game da su ba, saboda takardar shaidar ta riga ta jinkirta.
Alexis Carrel - mahaifin dasawa na zamani (ba a fassara):
Babban mahaifin dasawa ana ganin Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov, amma a lokacin isar da kyautar Nobel, Vladimir Petrovich bai kasance ba har yanzu a duniya.
Karni na XX, Ayyukan farko
Don haka, an ci gaba da kera na jijiyoyin jini, a nan ta hanyar:
Akwai zarafinka da suke ɗora hannu a tsakanin da kansu sa'an nan ya tafi, ya tafi.
Emerich Ulman farko ya fara samu nasarar dasawa koda a cikin 1902, ba a yi kokarin dasa alade alade da mutum da kuma dakatar da gwaje-gwaje ba. Af, a lokaci guda, da Rasha kimiyyar lissafi A.A. K'yabko mai yiwuwa kuma babban an gwada shi da farkawar zuciya.
Mathieu Zhabulu a cikin 1906 ya shafe ayyukan da koda biyu na alade daga alade da awaki ga mutane daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin warkar da sama ga gazawar. Ya ma yi jayayya cewa hukumomin sun yi aiki na wani lokaci da ba zai zama gaskiya ba. Alas, duka marasa lafiyar sun mutu.
Gasar farko ta koda ta fara amfani da ita daga mutumin da aka yi da likitan Soviet Yu.yu. Voronov a watan Afrilun 1933. Don haka ba tukuna cewa wannan sabon abu ne, kamar yadda ake mayar da shi da hukumomi da, ba shakka, mara lafiyar ya mutu bayan kwana 2. Koyaya, tabbacin da aka daidaita ta dasawa ta hanyar duka gabobin. Bayan haka, kafin hakan, kawai suna magana ne kawai game da dasawa.
Bayan juyawa don wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, a karon farko, a karon farko, a karon farko, an yi kowane nau'in dakaru, da farko a cikin gwaji v.p. Demichev, sannan mutane daban-daban a cikin asibitin.
Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov
V.... Demikhov, mutum ne mai rikitarwa da mai ban tsoro rabo. Don ra'ayoyin majagaba da aiki, da farko duk wanda aka ba shi, to an hana su komai kuma ƙari rufe abin kunya
An jera fitattun gwaje-gwaje anan.
A cikin 1960, ya rubuta tambayarka ta farko a kan dasawa "dasawa kan munanan gabobi a cikin gwaji" - babban aikin rayuwarsa. Fassara zuwa wasu yarukan, da aka buga a cikin Amurka da Turai. Kuma a cikin USSR, an lura da wannan aikin, haka ma dakin gwaje-gwajensa yana ƙoƙarin rufewa lokaci guda, saboda yawan "adadin". Don kare wasan kwaikwayonsa a babban wurin aiki a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Moscow Moscow bai bayar ba kuma an tilasta shi ya canza zuwa gaggawa. N.v. Sklifosovsky, inda aka kasafta shi wuri don dakin gwaje-gwaje:
"A zahiri, daki ne a cikin ginshiki tare da yanki na mita 15, rabin wanda aka sanya shi da shirye-shiryen sutura. Talauci Haske, Dampness, sanyi. Yana aiki da hasken fitila na talakawa, kayan aikin ba shi bane, rukunin gidajen wucin gadi na gida, da kuma karatuna. Madadin damfara - tsohuwar injin tsabtace gida. A karkashin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wani dakin bailon, cika dakin da hayaki caviar. Babu indos ga dabbobi, dabbobi sun ci, sun sha, sun sha magunguna da hanyoyin kuma an gano su da kyau, a cikin "dakin gwaje-gwaje.
A shekarar 1963, disittation bayan duk sun karu da kare a masanin kimiyya na Moscowssa don matakin dan takarar ilimin kimiyya. Bayan nasarar kariya da kuma sanya tattaunawa na m tattaunawa, to majalisun kimiyya sun cika kada kuri'a "don" - abokan adawar v.p. Demikhova ya ci babban zauren. Amma ya kashe rabin sa'a da dan takarar kimiyya, masanin ilimin yana fuskantar irin wannan tunanin, wanda ya zaba karo na biyu, kuma demikhov ya zama likita na ilimin halittu.
A cikin lokacin daga 1963 zuwa 1965 Teamungiyarsa ta tasowa don adana gabobin ware a cikin yanayin aiki a cikin kwantena na musamman da aka haɗa da tsarin halin rayuwa ko kuma m "inkonny". Mun ci gaba da gabobin jiki na mutum da rai tsawon kwanaki 7 (wannan ba zai yiwu a yau ba).
A shekarar 1965, a cikin tattaunawar a kan canzawa, ya nuna ra'ayin kirkirar bankunan baiwa, bayarwa, musamman a cikin aladu mai rai, inda za a iya ajiye su don neman. An sha asarar ra'ayin, ana kiranta "tsarkakakken Ahinea", bai dace da kyawawan dabi'un kwaminisanci ba. Nan da nan karanta shirye-shiryen da aka riga aka gabatar game da mahimman hukumomi game da hana Delavichica na dukkan logles na kimiyya da dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Tsananta a kan V.p. Demikhov bai ƙare ba na lokaci, kawai ya tsananta, a ƙarshe, ya sha wahala bugun jini kuma sannu a hankali ya rasa ƙwaƙwalwar sa. Tun da zama tare da matarsa da cikakkiyar talauci, lokacin da ko da ma likitan gundumar aka ci ta da talauci da kuma rauni a cikin wasu manyan masanin kimiyya a yayin ziyarar. Vladimir Petrovich ya mutu a 1998, jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa ya ba da umarnin digiri na uku don ci gaban fasahohin tiyata na Aortochortary shunting.
Za a buga cigaban labarin mai zuwa - Kimanin. ed.