Dan wasan masu kwakwalcin dan Adam na Belail Pavel Zyggmantovich ya san yadda ake gaya ma da mafi wahala abubuwa kawai. Don haka yanzu ya yi bayani a zahiri a kan yatsunsu, me yasa ilimin ISNYET shine kimiyya, kuma ba ikon tallafawa maƙwabcinsa ba.
Ga mutane da yawa, labarai har yanzu suna da labarai cewa ilimin halin dan Adam yana da kimiyya. Me yasa hakan?Saboda rauni na mallakar batun.
Gabatarwa na ilimin halin dan Adam a cikin mutane a matakin karni na sha tara - suna cewa, ya zauna a farfesa na Saddy, kuma ya tsotse kowane maganar banza daga sigari.
Tabbas, komai yana aiki kwata-kwata.
1. Menene kimiyya?
Kimiyya wani mutum ne wanda nufin kafa tsarin kafa a wani yanki. Alamu suna da mahimmanci, saboda Suna ba mu damar amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun, don haka inganta rayuwarsu.
Misali, Louis Paster bayyana, tsarin "tsarin" nan da nan duk ya fara hana hannu a cikin mara lafiya (duba ayyukan Ignatz La'azhelmeiss da Yusufu Lita). Mursunoni na marasa lafiya sun ragu. Da amfani? Kuma ta yaya!
2. Tsarin abin da ake yi na ilimin halin dan Adam?
Amsar mai sauki ce - dokokin psyche. Da kyau, sakamakon wadannan alamu, ba shakka. Abubuwan da asali na asali na asali da kansu, ana amfani da su yana neman hanyoyin amfani da waɗannan alamu a rayuwar yau da kullun.3. Menene psyche?
Anan muna da matsala mai mahimmanci - ba wanda ya san abin da psyche yake. Haka kuma, wannan kalmar kanta ne kawai ya isa ga al'ada, kuma ba. Kawai yana nufin wani abu a cikin mutum. Wannan wani abu ne ya ba mu damar yin tunani, ko ta yaya kula da abin da ke faruwa, don kula da komai da sauransu. Gabaɗaya, wannan shine irin wannan baƙar fata, wanda ba zai yiwu a yi aiki da bincike kai tsaye ba.
4. Shin zai yiwu a koya menene ba a bayyane yake ba?
Ee, yana da quite. Matar ilimin halayyar mutum ba shi kaɗai ba a cikin wannan, ta hanyar. Ba mu kadai bane a cikin wannan - ilimin lissafi suna da matsala iri ɗaya. Sun san tabbas cewa akwai wani irin abu (da ake kira shi da kyau kwayoyin), wanda bashi yiwuwa a lura kai tsaye. Ta yaya suka fita? Koya alamun alamun, kamar tasirin jijiya daban-daban.Don haka masana ilimin annashuwa. Yana da kyau a sarari cewa psyche na wani wuri ne cikin mutum. Don haka, yana yin nazarin daban-daban bayyanar mutum, zaku iya fahimtar hanyoyin aikin aikin baƙar fata na psyche. Masu ilimin kimiya suna nazarin psyche saboda bayyanannun abubuwa. Wannan ba shine hanya mafi kyau ba, amma Shine kaɗai muke da shi. Misali, binciken da ya yi kwanan nan ya bayyana, wanda suka nuna cewa ra'ayinmu yana jan hankali ba da gaske mai mahimmanci. Muna kallon abin da aka cika mana.
5. Shin Niureuki ba sa yin nazarin psyche?
Ba da gaske ba. Neuroscience ne nazarin kwakwalwa, kuma a lokacin da waɗannan karatun kuma ya bayyana a sarari cewa a matakin yanzu, Nazarin kai tsaye na kwakwalwa baya taimakawa wajen yin nazarin psyche. A nan gaba, mai yiwuwa, har yanzu dai ya juya don yin nazarin pyche kai tsaye, amma yayin da muke gamsuwa kai tsaye, amma muna cikin abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarami - m bayyanannun. Koyaya, har ma a kan wannan kayan ƙakar, akwai riga sosai sosai, don kada a yanke ƙauna da aiki gaba.
6. Yaya ainihin masana ilimin mutane suna karatun psyche don bayyanar da kai tsaye?
Mafi ƙaunataccen na gwaji ne. Masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun dauki rukuni biyu na mutane, sa su a cikin yanayin guda, sannan daya daga cikin kungiyoyin ya canza daya (daya!) Cikakken yanayi.Misali, mun duba ikon nufin nufin da daya kungiya muna gaya mana cewa ikon nufin zai iyakance. Na biyu kuma ba shi da iyaka. Sannan mahalan kowane rukuni na yin wasu aiki, kuma muna kallon abin da ya zama. Idan babu pyche, kuma akwai tsirara tsirara a gabanmu, to banbanci a ra'ayoyin da ƙarfin ƙarfin ba zai canza komai ba. Koyaya, akwai nazarin sun nuna cewa akwai bambanci. Mutanen da suke tunanin zai tilasta wa sojojin koyaushe suna da yawa, daga baya kuma bai amsa wa glucose ba.
Don haka, bambanci a cikin ra'ayoyi yana da mahimmanci, yana nufin cewa wani abu wanda ke canza halayen mutum kawai saboda bayanin a cikin akwatin baƙar fata. Wannan shine aikin psyche.
7. Waɗanne canje-canje a cikin hali?
Hanyoyi sun bambanta sosai, amma koyaushe maƙasudi. Zai iya zama adadin kurakurai yayin aikin, yawan ruwan 'ya'yan itace da sha, yawan faɗin na yanzu, lokacin rike cikin ruwan sanyi ko ruwan sanyi? Saurin motsi, aikin fata na lantarki, auna daga diamita na ɗalibin (wanda ya danganta da karuwa ko lalacewar aikin kwakwalwa), motsi na ido) da sauransu.
Akwai alamomi da yawa, amma koyaushe daidai ne. Alamar alamomi kamar sinadarai na son kai, amma a matsayin ƙarin kayan.
8. Duk mutane sun bambanta, yadda za a magance wannan?
Wannan watakila mafi sauki ne a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam. Kuna buƙatar score ƙarin ƙarin mahalarta a cikin gwaji. Idan muna da mutane goma (biyar a kowane rukuni), bambancin na mutum baya ɓoyewa ko'ina. Amma idan muna da mutane ɗari da biyar a kowane rukuni kuma sun saba yin daidai da wancan, wannan na nuna cewa ba bambancin mutum bane, amma a wani abu. Me? A cikin dokokin aikin psyche, wanda a cikin duk iri ɗaya ne kamar yadda alamu na aikin sunadarai suke daya a duk duniya.Kuma idan muna da mutane dubu, sannan sakamakon ya fi dacewa, saboda a kan irin wannan babban samfurin, fasali na mutum suna share ko da ƙarfi. Saboda haka, masana ilimin mutane suna ƙoƙarin yin samfurori kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma suka sha bamban.
9. Shin yana yiwuwa a dogara da gwaje-gwajen masu ilimin annashuwa?
Nazarin kwanannan da aka nuna kwanan nan da ƙasa da kashi dari bisa dari na binciken tunani ana haifuwa. Wannan babbar matsala ce, amma wannan babbar matsala ce ta dukkan kimiya. Ba wai kawai a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam ba, har ma a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma a cikin ilmin halitta, irin wannan matsalolin ma suna wanzu.
Wannan irin matsalar shine al'ada ga kimiyya. Da masana kimiyya suna gwagwarmaya tare da su kamar yadda zasu iya. Kowace shekara ingancin bincike yana ƙaruwa, ana buƙatar buƙatun, da m ba shi da matsala kuma ƙasa. Don haka a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam. FRINRER, mafi yawan karatun da aka bincika akai-akai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban da kuma ko'ina suna nuna wannan reptionse.
10. Idan babu lissafi a cikin kimiyya, ba kimiyya bane. Ina ilimin lissafi a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam?
Ilmin lissafi cikin ilimin halin dan Adam yana cikin sharuddan gudanar da bayanan gwaji. An himmatu ga manyan ilimin lissafi, saboda Ba tare da sanin kayan tabarbuta ba, abu ne mai wuya aiwatar da sakamakon gwajin. Bayan haka, ba maqiqa ce mai kalki ba, ya zama dole a yi tunani a can. Ba tare da lissafi ba, ilimin halin dan Adam ne kawai.11. A ina ne abubuwan da suke zuwa daga ilimin halin dan Adam?
Tsarin shine irin wannan, da farko, masanin kimiyya yana lura da irin abin da mamaki. Misali, tare da karuwa cikin bambancin kaya, yawancin mutane suna siyan ƙasa. Sannan masanin kimiyya ya gabatar da wani hasashen tunani don yin gwaji a kan tushenta. Idan gwajin yana da kyau, akwai damar da hypothasis gaskiya ne. Masanin kimiyya yana riƙe da ƙarin gwaje-gwaje (da abokan da aka rantsar da su a kan taimakon bita) da, alal misali, a cikin kowane gwaji ya tabbatar da tunaninta. Sannan ya dauki kayan gwaje-gwajen kuma ya fara ƙirƙirar ka'idar su.
A takaice dai, ka'idar ita ce sakamakon ƙarshe na binciken kimiyya, ba sa farawa. Duk wani keros yana da kayan gwaji mai kyau, tushe mafi sauri.
Idan wani abu ake kira Ka'idar, amma babu wani gwaji a baya wannan, ba ka ka'ida ba, amma ba komai ban da hasantawa.
Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa karatun da aka ambata - a cikin labarin na asali Pavel Zygmantovich
CLICALAL: Rufe